LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7405836 / 37681-45317 JSONTXT 10 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T258 0-48 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses in Humans—SARS, MERS, and COVID-19
T259 49-255 Sentence denotes Coronavirus infection in humans is commonly associated with mild to severe respiratory diseases, with high fever, severe inflammation, cough, and internal organ dysfunction that can even lead to death (92).
T260 256-325 Sentence denotes Most of the identified coronaviruses cause the common cold in humans.
T261 326-440 Sentence denotes However, this changed when SARS-CoV was identified, paving the way for severe forms of the disease in humans (22).
T262 441-664 Sentence denotes Our previous experience with the outbreaks of other coronaviruses, like SARS and MERS, suggests that the mode of transmission in COVID-19 as mainly human-to-human transmission via direct contact, droplets, and fomites (25).
T263 665-886 Sentence denotes Recent studies have demonstrated that the virus could remain viable for hours in aerosols and up to days on surfaces; thus, aerosol and fomite contamination could play potent roles in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (257).
T264 887-976 Sentence denotes The immune response against coronavirus is vital to control and get rid of the infection.
T265 977-1119 Sentence denotes However, maladjusted immune responses may contribute to the immunopathology of the disease, resulting in impairment of pulmonary gas exchange.
T266 1120-1289 Sentence denotes Understanding the interaction between CoVs and host innate immune systems could enlighten our understanding of the lung inflammation associated with this infection (24).
T267 1290-1510 Sentence denotes SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by a formerly unrecognized animal CoV that originated from the wet markets in southern China after adapting to the human host, thereby enabling transmission between humans (90).
T268 1511-1614 Sentence denotes The SARS outbreak reported in 2002 to 2003 had 8,098 confirmed cases with 774 total deaths (9.6%) (93).
T269 1615-1702 Sentence denotes The outbreak severely affected the Asia Pacific region, especially mainland China (94).
T270 1703-1924 Sentence denotes Even though the case fatality rate (CFR) of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is lower than that of SARS-CoV, there exists a severe concern linked to this outbreak due to its epidemiological similarity to influenza viruses (95, 279).
T271 1925-1994 Sentence denotes This can fail the public health system, resulting in a pandemic (96).
T272 1995-2092 Sentence denotes MERS is another respiratory disease that was first reported in Saudi Arabia during the year 2012.
T273 2093-2148 Sentence denotes The disease was found to have a CFR of around 35% (97).
T274 2149-2287 Sentence denotes The analysis of available data sets suggests that the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV is in almost the same range.
T275 2288-2351 Sentence denotes The longest predicted incubation time of SARS-CoV-2 is 14 days.
T276 2352-2447 Sentence denotes Hence, suspected individuals are isolated for 14 days to avoid the risk of further spread (98).
T277 2448-2718 Sentence denotes Even though a high similarity has been reported between the genome sequence of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-like CoVs, the comparative analysis recognized a furin-like cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein that is missing from other SARS-like CoVs (99).
T278 2719-2896 Sentence denotes The furin-like cleavage site is expected to play a role in the life cycle of the virus and disease pathogenicity and might even act as a therapeutic target for furin inhibitors.
T279 2897-3100 Sentence denotes The highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2 compared to that of its predecessors might be the result of a stabilizing mutation that occurred in the endosome-associated-protein-like domain of nsp2 protein.
T280 3101-3280 Sentence denotes Similarly, the destabilizing mutation near the phosphatase domain of nsp3 proteins in SARS-CoV-2 could indicate a potential mechanism that differentiates it from other CoVs (100).
T281 3281-3452 Sentence denotes Even though the CFR reported for COVID-19 is meager compared to those of the previous SARS and MERS outbreaks, it has caused more deaths than SARS and MERS combined (101).
T282 3453-3678 Sentence denotes Possibly related to the viral pathogenesis is the recent finding of an 832-nucleotide (nt) deletion in ORF8, which appears to reduce the replicative fitness of the virus and leads to attenuated phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2 (256).
T283 3679-3844 Sentence denotes Coronavirus is the most prominent example of a virus that has crossed the species barrier twice from wild animals to humans during SARS and MERS outbreaks (79, 102).
T284 3845-3973 Sentence denotes The possibility of crossing the species barrier for the third time has also been suspected in the case of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
T285 3974-4071 Sentence denotes Bats are recognized as a possible natural reservoir host of both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection.
T286 4072-4200 Sentence denotes In contrast, the possible intermediary host is the palm civet for SARS-CoV and the dromedary camel for MERS-CoV infection (102).
T287 4201-4270 Sentence denotes Bats are considered the ancestral hosts for both SARS and MERS (103).
T288 4271-4373 Sentence denotes Bats are also considered the reservoir host of human coronaviruses like HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 (104).
T289 4374-4572 Sentence denotes In the case of COVID-19, there are two possibilities for primary transmission: it can be transmitted either through intermediate hosts, similar to that of SARS and MERS, or directly from bats (103).
T290 4573-4836 Sentence denotes The emergence paradigm put forward in the SARS outbreak suggests that SARS-CoV originated from bats (reservoir host) and later jumped to civets (intermediate host) and incorporated changes within the receptor-binding domain (RBD) to improve binding to civet ACE2.
T291 4837-4995 Sentence denotes This civet-adapted virus, during their subsequent exposure to humans at live markets, promoted further adaptations that resulted in the epidemic strain (104).
T292 4996-5091 Sentence denotes Transmission can also occur directly from the reservoir host to humans without RBD adaptations.
T293 5092-5282 Sentence denotes The bat coronavirus that is currently in circulation maintains specific “poised” spike proteins that facilitate human infection without the requirement of any mutations or adaptations (105).
T294 5283-5384 Sentence denotes Altogether, different species of bats carry a massive number of coronaviruses around the world (106).
T295 5385-5593 Sentence denotes The high plasticity in receptor usage, along with the feasibility of adaptive mutation and recombination, may result in frequent interspecies transmission of coronavirus from bats to animals and humans (106).
T296 5594-5707 Sentence denotes The pathogenesis of most bat coronaviruses is unknown, as most of these viruses are not isolated and studied (4).
T297 5708-5804 Sentence denotes Hedgehog coronavirus HKU31, a Betacoronavirus, has been identified from amur hedgehogs in China.
T298 5805-5916 Sentence denotes Studies show that hedgehogs are the reservoir of Betacoronavirus, and there is evidence of recombination (107).
T299 5917-6110 Sentence denotes The current scientific evidence available on MERS infection suggests that the significant reservoir host, as well as the animal source of MERS infection in humans, is the dromedary camels (97).
T300 6111-6296 Sentence denotes The infected dromedary camels may not show any visible signs of infection, making it challenging to identify animals actively excreting MERS-CoV that has the potential to infect humans.
T301 6297-6431 Sentence denotes However, they may shed MERS-CoV through milk, urine, feces, and nasal and eye discharge and can also be found in the raw organs (108).
T302 6432-6674 Sentence denotes In a study conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of animal species to MERS-CoV infection, llamas and pigs were found to be susceptible, indicating the possibility of MERS-CoV circulation in animal species other than dromedary camels (109).
T303 6675-6890 Sentence denotes Following the outbreak of SARS in China, SARS-CoV-like viruses were isolated from Himalayan palm civets (Paguma larvata) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) found in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China.
T304 6891-7038 Sentence denotes The animal isolates obtained from the live-animal market retained a 29-nucleotide sequence that was not present in most of the human isolates (78).
T305 7039-7140 Sentence denotes These findings were critical in identifying the possibility of interspecies transmission in SARS-CoV.
T306 7141-7288 Sentence denotes The higher diversity and prevalence of bat coronaviruses in this region compared to those in previous reports indicate a host/pathogen coevolution.
T307 7289-7409 Sentence denotes SARS-like coronaviruses also have been found circulating in the Chinese horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sinicus) populations.
T308 7410-7636 Sentence denotes The in vitro and in vivo studies carried out on the isolated virus confirmed that there is a potential risk for the reemergence of SARS-CoV infection from the viruses that are currently circulating in the bat population (105).