| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T213 |
0-179 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, in all cases, these temporal patterns were complex, with frequencies of subpopulations in individual patients appearing to increase, decrease, or stay the same over time. |
| T214 |
180-350 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To quantify these inter-patient changes, we used a previously described data set (46) to define the stability of populations of interest in healthy individuals over time. |
| T215 |
351-530 |
Sentence |
denotes |
We then used the range of this variation over time to identify COVID-19 patients with changes in immune cell subpopulations beyond that expected in healthy subjects (see methods). |
| T216 |
531-726 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Using this approach, ~50% of patients had an increase in HLA-DR+CD38+ non-naïve CD4 T cells over time, whereas in ~30% of patients, these cells were stable and, in ~20%, they decreased (Fig. 5E). |
| T217 |
727-817 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For KI67+ non-naïve CD8 T cells, there were no individuals in whom the response decreased. |
| T218 |
818-917 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Instead, this proliferative CD8 T cell response stayed stable (~70%) or increased (~30%; fig. S6A). |
| T219 |
918-1098 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Notably, for patients in the stable category, the median frequency of KI67+ non-naïve CD8 T cells was ~10%, almost 5-fold higher than the ~1% detected for HD and RD subjects (Figs. |
| T220 |
1099-1181 |
Sentence |
denotes |
5C and 2E), suggesting a sustained CD8 T cell proliferative response to infection. |
| T221 |
1182-1373 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A similar pattern was observed for HLA-DR+CD38+ non-naïve CD8 (fig. S6B), where only ~10% of patients had a decrease in this population, whereas ~65% were stable and ~25% increased over time. |
| T222 |
1374-1774 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The high and even increasing activated or proliferating CD8 and CD4 T cell responses over ~1 week during acute viral infection contrasted with the sharp peak of KI67 in CD8 and CD4 T cells during acute viral infections, including smallpox vaccination with live vaccinia virus (47), live attenuated yellow fever vaccine YFV-17D (48), acute influenza virus infection (49), and acute HIV infection (35). |
| T223 |
1775-1890 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Approximately 42% of patients had sustained PB responses, at high levels (>10% of B cells) in many cases (Fig. 5F). |
| T224 |
1891-2052 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Thus, some patients displayed dynamic changes in T cell or B cell activation over 1 week in the hospital, but there were also other patients who remained stable. |
| T225 |
2053-2244 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In the latter case, some patients remained stable without clear activation of key immune populations whereas others had stable T and or B cell activation or numerical perturbation (fig. S6C). |
