| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T523 |
0-92 |
Sentence |
denotes |
HNMs have been also applied to the delivery of antigens, exposing them to the immune system. |
| T524 |
93-722 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fullerenes were found as suitable carriers for the delivery of drugs or nucleic acids.138 Functionalized fullerene can also self-assemble into virus-sized NPs.139 Investigated as vaccines in cancer immune therapy,140 polyhydroxy fullerenes (called fullerenols) display interesting properties for antiviral therapy, based on their capacity to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) and so to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens.141 The great advantage of this strategy relies on the easy encapsulation process during the self-assembly making fullerenols versatile for the formulation of different kinds of vaccines. |
| T525 |
723-1146 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These VLPs were investigated against HIV-1141 and hepatitis C viruses.142 Compared to conventional protein- or peptide-based vaccines intended to induce antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, DNA vaccines are more stable, cost-effective, easy to manufacture, and safe in handling.143 However, DNA vaccines have the disadvantage of being poorly immunogenic.144 Fullerenol VLPs allow to avoid the use of other adjuvants. |
| T526 |
1147-1284 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In the case of a vaccine against HIV-1, fullerenol VLPs penetrated easily into the cells resulting in an enhancement of DNA transfection. |
| T527 |
1285-1515 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This was proved in a study using fullerenol encapsulating DNA encoding the HIV-1 envelope protein gp145 (Figure 17).141In vitro assays were performed in human embryonic kidney cells line (HEK293) showing good transfection ability. |
| T528 |
1516-1709 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Following various immunization routes (e.g., activation of Toll-like receptor signaling or effector memory T cell immune response), fullerenol VLPs can induce an innate and a cellular immunity. |
| T529 |
1710-1882 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A similar study was performed for hepatitis C using the HCV recombinant protein as antigen,142 confirming the potential efficacy of using fullerenols as antiviral vaccines. |
| T530 |
1883-1954 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Nevertheless, these results require further mechanistic investigations. |
| T531 |
1955-2252 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Indeed, in vitro studies also evidenced a suppressive effect of acquired immune response of C60 pyrrolidine tris-acid and fullerenol C60(OH)36.145 The fullerenol had a dose-dependent effect on T cell receptor-mediated activation and antibody production by B cells under anti-CD40/IL-4 stimulation. |
| T532 |
2253-2303 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, the molecular mechanism is still unknown. |
