LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7376974 / 77214-82867 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T484 0-22 Sentence denotes Innate Immune Response
T485 23-126 Sentence denotes Innate immune response is the first response that takes place in the presence of any type of infection.
T486 127-523 Sentence denotes During this early stage, interferon stimulating genes (ISGs) are upregulated in the infected cells.125 This self-defense mechanism slows down the viral replication and alerts sentinel immune cells that start producing proinflammatory cytokines and trigger inflammation.125 However, many viruses are able to escape this complex mechanism, retarding the immune response and spreading the infection.
T487 524-602 Sentence denotes The interaction of HNMs with the immune system has been more and more studied.
T488 603-767 Sentence denotes In the case of antiviral HNMs, many examples can be found in the literature where the NMs not only slow down the infection but also tune the innate immune response.
T489 768-825 Sentence denotes Certain HMNs can display an intrinsic immune stimulation.
T490 826-1108 Sentence denotes We have already mentioned above that in the early stage of infection, AgNPs mainly prevent the virus from entering the host cell through the interaction with the external capsid, but in vitro cellular experiments lack to understand the complex interaction with primary immune cells.
T491 1109-1313 Sentence denotes Recent studies have shown that AgNPs can potentially induce the expression of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity-associated pathways, which are known to play crucial role in immune regulation.
T492 1314-1952 Sentence denotes For example, Toll-like receptor 7 can be upregulated by AgNPs after 24 h, by recognizing the single-stranded RNA of the viruses and regulating the antiviral immune response.126 Another study showed that in RSV-infected mice treated with AgNPs, the particles reduced the production of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines, but potentiated the anti-RSV activity of neutrophils in an experimental mouse model.127 However, activation of AgNPs in the reduction of RSV has been noted only when the NM was intranasally inoculated together with the virus, and no results have been reported on the use of AgNPs administrated on infected mice.
T493 1953-2139 Sentence denotes In the case of influenza virus infection of lung epithelial cells, it was found that AgNPs targeted infected lung epithelial cells and reduced viral replication, by preventing autophagy.
T494 2140-2255 Sentence denotes However, the blockage of the autophagic flux by AgNPs does not inhibit viral replication in already infected cells.
T495 2256-2639 Sentence denotes Therefore, AgNPs are more suitable as viral preventive agents due to their pro-inflammatory response rather than drugs.128 More recently, AgNPs were combined with graphene materials and exploited as antiviral material for the treatment of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).129 GO-AgNPs were able to clump the virus diminishing its fusion with cell membrane.
T496 2640-2810 Sentence denotes Additionally, once GO-AgNPs were internalized in host cells, they stimulated the ISGs that blocked viral budding and its diffusion to other cells in vitro (Figure 15).129
T497 2811-2901 Sentence denotes Figure 15 Scheme of the mechanism of action of GO-AgNPs on activation of innate immunity.
T498 2902-2944 Sentence denotes Reproduced with permission from ref (129).
T499 2945-2987 Sentence denotes Copyright 2018 American Chemistry Society.
T500 2988-3631 Sentence denotes Similarly, CDs used for the treatment of RSV and PRRSV were able to activate the innate immune response via an upregulation of ISGs in vitro.130 Gold nanorods were applied to boost the innate immune response against RSV in vivo.131 Interestingly, it was shown that these nanorods (when intranasally administered with RSV) were not only able to activate the ISGs but also to tune the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the blocking of the infection with a reduced pulmonary inflammation.131 As drug carriers, HNMs can also affect the internalization pathways, modulate drug efficacy, and the immune cell responses.
T501 3632-3949 Sentence denotes For instance, it was found that the isoprinosine immunomodulatory antiviral drug displays a much higher antiviral efficacy in vivo when delivered with CNTs than as a pure drug (in zebrafish larvae food administration), probably due to a better cellular uptake and the anti-inflammatory properties of the nanotubes.132
T502 3950-4398 Sentence denotes Fullerenes also exhibit immunomodulation properties through the release of cytokines by bovine alveolar macrophages.133 A study explored the influence of functionalization of C60 with molecules presenting different surface charges like hydroxyl groups and amino acids.134 The study concluded that negative charges upregulated TNF-α up-secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but highly positively or negatively charged surfaces increased cell toxicity.
T503 4399-4501 Sentence denotes The upregulation of the cytokine TNF-α is a proof that fullerene can promote cellular immune response.
T504 4502-4651 Sentence denotes Despite these preliminary results, the actual mechanisms of interaction between HNMs and the immune system are still at early stage of understanding.
T505 4652-4742 Sentence denotes We must consider that the immune response needs to be proportional to the infection grade.
T506 4743-4990 Sentence denotes If on one side nanosized immuno-boosters can alert more efficiently the sentinel cells, the use of HNMs that trigger an exaggerated immune response can promote excessive inflammation, damaging healthy cells and promoting uncontrolled side effects.
T507 4991-5210 Sentence denotes In the particular context of SARS-Cov-2, the use of AgNPs, fullerenes, or other pro-inflammatory HNMs at the middle and late infection stage may cause an aggravation of the symptoms due to already diffused inflammation.
T508 5211-5653 Sentence denotes In particular, most of the studies showed the ability to reduce infection when HNMs were first incubated with the pathogenic virus, thus limiting their potential use in the early stage infection.124 The formulation of HNMs able to both alert the immune system (e.g., upregulating cytokine) and control lung inflammation (e.g., ROS scavenger) even after the early stage infection may be a possible strategy for treatments against SARS viruses.