LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7376974 / 52936-57764 JSONTXT 12 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T336 0-35 Sentence denotes Mechanical Disruption of the Capsid
T337 36-347 Sentence denotes The most direct way to suppress viruses and stop the spreading of viral infection is to inactivate them before the attachment to the host cells, by binding to the acceptor proteins.88 One of the most conserved targets of viral attachment ligands is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), previously mentioned.
T338 348-544 Sentence denotes HSPGs are expressed on the surface of almost all eukaryotic cell types, and many viruses like HIV-1, HSV, human papilloma virus (HPV) exploit HSPGs as the target of their viral attachment ligands.
T339 545-714 Sentence denotes Bearing in mind this behavior, different studies have used HSPG-mimicking materials to target this type of virus–cell interaction and to achieve broad spectrum efficacy.
T340 715-847 Sentence denotes For example, in one key study, AuNPs were functionalized with mercaptoethanesulfonate (MES) based on its mimicry of HS (Au-MES NPs).
T341 848-1065 Sentence denotes Au-MES NPs were shown to interfere with viral attachment, viral entry, and cell-to-cell spreading.89 The importance of the polyvalent interactions with the virus makes these NPs a good candidate for antiviral therapy.
T342 1066-1247 Sentence denotes However, Au-MES NPs presented virustatic activity, meaning that upon dilution of the NPs, the virus recovers its infectivity due to the reversibility of the cell-virion interaction.
T343 1248-1386 Sentence denotes This problem was solved by Stellacci and colleagues who developed NPs coated with mercapto-1-undecanesulfonate (MUS) ligands (Au-MUS NPs).
T344 1387-1805 Sentence denotes The long aliphatic and flexible linkers provide stronger associations with the viral particles compared to Au-MES NPs, leading to local distortions and eventually inducing a global deformation and breaking of the capsid that inactivates its contagion irreversibly (Figure 8).90 These Au-MUS NPs were tested against different HSPG-dependent viruses, showing a high viricidal activity over HSV, HPV, and RSV (Figure 9A).
T345 1806-2072 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the activity of the Au-MUS NPs was studied in vivo using mice infected with RSV, indicating that the material can prevent pulmonary dissemination of the infection and showing potential use as medically relevant virucidal drugs to fight viral infections.
T346 2073-2354 Sentence denotes More recently, the concept was further extended to cyclodextrins modified with mercapto-1-undecanesulfonate, proposing this system as a broad spectrum virucidal macromolecule.91 Besides Au-NPs, a similar mechanism of disruption was studied with other materials like graphene or GO.
T347 2355-2644 Sentence denotes In a study, in which the toxicity of graphene was evaluated theoretically, it was also shown that graphene nanosheets can interrupt the hydrophobic protein–protein interaction, which is essential to biological functions.92 This feature was attributed to the hydrophobic nature of graphene.
T348 2645-2788 Sentence denotes Thus, it seems energetically favorable for graphene to slide between the interface of two proteins in contact, due to hydrophobic interactions.
T349 2789-3333 Sentence denotes In another study inspired by this behavior, the authors performed molecular dynamics simulations of graphene nanosheets in the proximity of the surface of the Ebola viral matrix protein VP40 showing that the nanosheets can break the hydrophobic interactions in VP40, a key protein for the replication and stability of Ebola virus (Figure 8).93 These findings suggest that graphene nanosheets might have potential antiviral activity against Ebola; however, there is a lack of experimental evidence that corroborates this mechanism of disruption.
T350 3334-3790 Sentence denotes On the other hand, GO was tested experimentally against Pseudorabies virus and Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), showing significant decrease in the infectivity.94 It was found that the negatively charged surface of GO is important for the adsorption of the virus, whose surface is positively charged, and that GO could directly interact with the viral particles and destroy their structures due to the sharp edges of the material (Figures 8 and 9B).
T351 3791-3857 Sentence denotes Figure 8 Mechanical disruption mechanisms of different NMs. Left:
T352 3858-3950 Sentence denotes Au-MUS NPs inducing mechanical forces in the virus capsid leading to inactivation.90 Center:
T353 3951-4023 Sentence denotes Graphene NSs disrupting VP40 hydrophobic interactions in Ebola.93 Right:
T354 4024-4109 Sentence denotes Interaction between negatively charged surface of GO and positively charged capsid.94
T355 4110-4157 Sentence denotes Figure 9 Interaction of NMs with viral capsid.
T356 4158-4192 Sentence denotes A) Gold NPs acting on HSV-2 virus.
T357 4193-4269 Sentence denotes After 90 min, the percentage of destroyed virus was significantly increased.
T358 4270-4281 Sentence denotes Scale bars:
T359 4282-4289 Sentence denotes 100 nm.
T360 4290-4331 Sentence denotes Reproduced with permission from ref (90).
T361 4332-4408 Sentence denotes Copyright 2018 Springer Nature Limited. (B) GO acting on Pseudorabies virus.
T362 4409-4496 Sentence denotes After incubation with GO for 1 h, part of the virus envelope and spikes were destroyed.
T363 4497-4508 Sentence denotes Scale bars:
T364 4509-4516 Sentence denotes 200 nm.
T365 4517-4558 Sentence denotes Reproduced with permission from ref (94).
T366 4559-4601 Sentence denotes Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
T367 4602-4828 Sentence denotes The mechanical disruption of the capsid is a peculiar antiviral mechanism associated with some NMs. In particular, the use of specific sulfonates able to mimic heparan sulfate can be also used to target SARS-Cov-2 infection.95