LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7376974 / 43748-52934 JSONTXT 12 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T278 0-26 Sentence denotes Other Carbon Nanomaterials
T279 27-143 Sentence denotes Alongside fullerenes, other carbon nanomaterials (NMs) have been scrutinized for their ability to block viral entry.
T280 144-230 Sentence denotes CDs and GO are the most known and studied carbon NMs with marked antiviral properties.
T281 231-277 Sentence denotes CDs are zero-dimensional carbon nanoparticles.
T282 278-380 Sentence denotes They are generally produced via hydrothermal decomposition of carbon containing “low-cost” precursors.
T283 381-541 Sentence denotes The use of CDs in the biomedical field has been encouraged by their easy preparation, low toxicity, fluorescence properties, and easy surface functionalization.
T284 542-785 Sentence denotes Pristine CDs have shown moderate viral blocking activity for HIV infection in vitro.74 This has been associated with the surface of the material rich in carboxylic and hydroxyl groups prone to form noncovalent interaction with viral membranes.
T285 786-949 Sentence denotes Moreover, due to the complexity of the biological systems these nonspecific interactions could not be so effective in vivo, likely reducing the antiviral efficacy.
T286 950-1051 Sentence denotes Therapeutic targeting molecules can be grafted onto a CD surface to enhance their antiviral activity.
T287 1052-1161 Sentence denotes In this context, the design of multifunctional CD platforms can be obtained through two different strategies.
T288 1162-1301 Sentence denotes The first consists in a single-step reaction that foresees the insertion of the therapeutic molecule directly into the step of preparation.
T289 1302-1399 Sentence denotes Target molecules are decomposed with the other precursors, generating the desired functional CDs.
T290 1400-1507 Sentence denotes This protocol is fast and efficient, however the drug loading as well as its activity are hard to estimate.
T291 1508-1638 Sentence denotes Indeed, the hydrothermal treatment can alter the chemical structure of the active molecule, thus vanishing its therapeutic effect.
T292 1639-1865 Sentence denotes For these reasons, the reaction conditions must be carefully controlled.75 The second method is a two-step reaction and implies the postfunctionalization via amide formation on the surface of the CDs rich in carboxylic groups.
T293 1866-1996 Sentence denotes This strategy offers a better chemical control, but the yield and the drug loading may not be quantitative and high, respectively.
T294 1997-2072 Sentence denotes Different functionalized CDs were prepared to hamper host cell viral entry.
T295 2073-2212 Sentence denotes For instance, benzoxazine (a low water-soluble antiviral agent) was incorporated into the CD structure during their preparation (Figure 7).
T296 2213-2605 Sentence denotes The as-prepared CDs showed a broad spectrum viral blocking capacity in vitro for enveloped (e.g., Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, and Zika virus) and non-enveloped viruses (e.g., porcine parvovirus and adenovirus-associated virus).76 These positive results were explained by the efficient binding and deactivation induced by the multivalent effect of the CDs to the viral particles
T297 2606-2704 Sentence denotes Figure 7 Illustration of benzoxazine-functionalized CDs and their broad antiviral entry activity.
T298 2705-2746 Sentence denotes Reproduced with permission from ref (76).
T299 2747-2775 Sentence denotes Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V.
T300 2776-2855 Sentence denotes Amino-functionalized CDs were also tested for the treatment of human norovirus.
T301 2856-3040 Sentence denotes In this study, CDs were functionalized with 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (EDA) and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA) via amide bond formation.77 These NMs exerted a good viral blockage.
T302 3041-3241 Sentence denotes In particular, EPA-functionalized CDs were able to inhibit 100% of viral infection at concentration of 2 μg/mL, while in the case of CDs prepared with the other amines, 80% of inhibition was reported.
T303 3242-3338 Sentence denotes These effects have been associated with the higher positive charge of CD-EDA compared to CD-EPA.
T304 3339-3468 Sentence denotes Another surface group used for viral targeting is boronic acid (BA), which can bind glycosylated surfaces forming boronic esters.
T305 3469-3969 Sentence denotes This strategy was successfully adopted to treat HIV where the boronic groups, linked to different nanoparticles (e.g., silica nanoparticles and nanodiamonds) can target gp120 receptors on the viral envelope inhibiting the infection.78 Another recent study proposed the use of CD functionalized with phenylboronic acid for prevention of HIV infection.74 The functional materials showed good inhibition properties compared to nonfunctionalized CDs by preventing the binding to the target cell in vitro.
T306 3970-4064 Sentence denotes Overall, the use of CDs for stopping host cell viral entrance has shown good results in vitro.
T307 4065-4169 Sentence denotes However, there is a lack of proofs in vivo limiting their applications to surface disinfection or masks.
T308 4170-4316 Sentence denotes In addition, most of the in vitro studies foresee first the contact of the CDs with the viral particles and then their incubation with host cells.
T309 4317-4482 Sentence denotes Deeper investigations should be performed adding the NMs at other time points (for instance in infected cells) to understand if the antiviral activity is maintained.
T310 4483-4618 Sentence denotes In addition, CDs have been successfully used for photodynamic therapy (generating radicals upon light irradiation) in cancer treatment.
T311 4619-4803 Sentence denotes The same approach may be used to combat viral infections, where the antiviral activity induced by the surface modification can be sensibly enhanced by ROS generation under irradiation.
T312 4804-5130 Sentence denotes Graphene materials, and in particular GO and reduced GO (rGO), have been used for different biomedical applications including drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering.5 GO platforms have shown also interesting antimicrobial activity.79 Regarding viral infection, GO was used to block the virus entrance in host cells.
T313 5131-5320 Sentence denotes GO and rGO can be considered as two-dimensional materials that contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains allowing to adsorb many biological molecules including nucleic acids and proteins.
T314 5321-5479 Sentence denotes GO showed low interaction with viruses, however its surface functionalization with target molecules can sensibly enhance its affinity for the viral particles.
T315 5480-5734 Sentence denotes Additionally, GO can be used as photothermal agent (generation of heat by NIR irradiation) or photodynamic therapy (using visible light irradiation) inactivating the capsids by local thermal shock or by radical formation during irradiation, respectively.
T316 5735-5829 Sentence denotes The use of phototherapies may significantly augment the antiviral properties of the materials.
T317 5830-6012 Sentence denotes However, we must keep in mind that these therapeutic modalities can be applied only to disinfection, since the radical/heat production may be harmful for the healthy tissues in vivo.
T318 6013-6195 Sentence denotes Photodynamic therapy has been successfully exploited using bacteriophage MS2 as a model virus.80 In this study, GO was functionalized with an aptamer recognized by the viral surface.
T319 6196-6357 Sentence denotes The results showed that this functionalization is able to enhance the binding efficiency of the MS2 capsids onto the GO surface compared to nonfunctionalized GO.
T320 6358-6524 Sentence denotes Subsequently, irradiation in the visible light was able to disinfect the solution, while nonfunctionalized GO showed much less activity due to the lack of adsorption.
T321 6525-6769 Sentence denotes Despite these interesting results, this pioneer work remains at an early research stage since the use of high light dose (300 W for 10–140 min) and the lack of material recovery and reuse make its application for surface disinfection difficult.
T322 6770-6829 Sentence denotes GO can be also used as a platform to link antiviral agents.
T323 6830-7182 Sentence denotes Encouraging results were reported using GO with hypericin for the treatment of a recently appeared duck reovirus.81 More recently, Deokar et al. reported an original rGO-based multifunctional platform for HSV-1 treatment.82 In this work, the authors functionalized the material with organic sulfate groups and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (FeNPs).
T324 7183-7280 Sentence denotes The rGO functionalized with the sulfate is able to mimic the host cell surface and to bind HSV-1.
T325 7281-7436 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the viral particles captured onto the rGO-FeNP surface can be concentrated via magnetic precipitation and destroyed via photothermal therapy.
T326 7437-7549 Sentence denotes This approach is highly efficient for disinfection with low energy (1.6 W/cm2 for 7 min) and cost effectiveness.
T327 7550-7785 Sentence denotes HS is a common entry receptor in various types of viruses (e.g., herpes viruses, human papillomavirus, Dengue virus).83 The use of organic sulfate-functionalized graphene sheets mimicking HS, like GO and rGO, has been already explored.
T328 7786-8166 Sentence denotes However, it is worth noting that these NMs are prone to strongly adsorb proteins in culture environments (coronation), likely inhibiting their antiviral efficacy.84 High loadings of sulfate groups were introduced onto rGO using polyglycerol sulfate.85,86 This approach has been used for inhibition of orthopoxvirus, pseudorabies virus, and African swine fever virus in vitro.85,86
T329 8167-8217 Sentence denotes Graphene has also been used as antiviral material.
T330 8218-8486 Sentence denotes Polysulfates and fatty amines were grafted onto graphene surface via triazine chemistry for the treatment of herpes simplex virus.87 This strategy promotes the synergy between the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, showing incredibly high inhibition efficacy.
T331 8487-8573 Sentence denotes Overall, graphene materials have shown a good capacity to block host cell viral entry.
T332 8574-8712 Sentence denotes Disinfection with graphene family materials is also promising, offering the possibility to couple high viral binding with phototreatments.
T333 8713-8886 Sentence denotes Regarding the GO and rGO activity in cellular environments, different parameters must be considered such as protein coronation, blood circulation time, and activity in vivo.
T334 8887-8994 Sentence denotes So far, the use of sulfonic groups introduced via diazonium salt decomposition has been largely privileged.
T335 8995-9186 Sentence denotes We take this opportunity to encourage future studies using other targeting groups (e.g., boronic acids) and grafting methods (e.g., epoxide ring opening or hydroxyl esterification reactions).