LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7358770 / 5527-19548 JSONTXT 15 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T37 0-63 Sentence denotes 2 Application prospects of polysaccharides against coronavirus
T38 64-167 Sentence denotes Polysaccharides are macromolecular compounds obtained mainly from plants, algae, and even animals [15].
T39 168-341 Sentence denotes The antiviral properties of polysaccharides are not only a simple function of their charge density and chain length, but also their detailed structural characteristics [19].
T40 342-529 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and novel SARS-CoV-2, cause high mortality and pose a severe threat to humans and animals health, creating a need for effective inhibitors [20].
T41 530-787 Sentence denotes Polysaccharides, which are commonly used active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, have a great application prospect in the prevention and treatment of coronavirus based on their broad-spectrum antiviral activities and unique antiviral mechanisms.
T42 788-1035 Sentence denotes The presence of carbohydrate-binding agents can strongly inhibit coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), feline coronaviruses serotypes I and II, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and PRRSV [21].
T43 1037-1081 Sentence denotes 2.1 Source and structure of polysaccharides
T44 1082-1279 Sentence denotes The main sources of polysaccharides are endogenous glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), Marine polysaccharides and terrestrial plant polysaccharides, especially polysaccharides from Chinese herbal medicines.
T45 1280-1547 Sentence denotes GAGs are naturally-derived linear polysaccharides that are expressed in the intracellular compartments, cell surface, and extracellular environments, and they interact with various molecules to regulate many cellular processes associated with health and disease [22].
T46 1548-1750 Sentence denotes GAGs are comprised distinct O-linked disaccharide units, which are typically composed of a combination of iduronic acid, glucuronic acid, glucosamine, galactose or galactosamine monosaccharides [23,24].
T47 1751-1890 Sentence denotes The widely studied GAGs mainly include chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin (HP) in animal tissues (Fig. 3 ) [22,25].
T48 1891-2027 Sentence denotes GAG chains are in most cases sulfated, except hyaluronan (HA) (Fig. 3), which are biodegradable and non-immunogenic in the body [26,27].
T49 2028-2088 Sentence denotes The chemical structures of typical GAGs are shown in Fig. 3.
T50 2089-2208 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 The structures of several polysaccharides (GAGs, marine polysaccharides, and terrestrial plant polysaccharides).
T51 2209-2262 Sentence denotes Marine organisms are rich sources of polysaccharides.
T52 2263-2479 Sentence denotes Chitosan is a linear, positive-charged, alkaline polysaccharide repeating by glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine (Fig. 3) [28,29], derived from the shells of shrimps and crustacean or the cell walls of fungi [30,31].
T53 2480-2669 Sentence denotes Marine algae products have been applied in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for a long time [11], and contain a variety of polysaccharides, including carrageenan, fucoidan, and alginate.
T54 2670-3056 Sentence denotes Carrageenans are sulphated linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units with alternating 3-linked β-d-galactopyranose (G-units) and 4-linked α-galactopyranose (D-units) or 3,6-anhydro-α- galactopyranose (AnGal-units) [[32], [33], [34]], which are extracted from certain red algae containing 15–40% ester sulfate with an average molecular weight above 100 kDa [35,36].
T55 3057-3228 Sentence denotes The three commercial most important and widely distributed carrageenans are iota (ι-, G4S-DA2S), kappa (κ-, G4S-DA) and lambda (λ-, G2S-D2S, 6S)-carrageenan (Fig. 3) [37].
T56 3229-3514 Sentence denotes Fucoidan is a fucose-enriched and sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown algae [11,38], which is composed of L-fucose, sulfate groups and small proportions of D-xylose, D-mannose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid in different sources of brown algae (Fig. 3) [[38], [39], [40]].
T57 3515-3683 Sentence denotes Alginate, an acidic and linear polysaccharide extracted from brown algae, is consisted of alternating β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α- L-guluronic acid (G) residues [41].
T58 3684-3887 Sentence denotes Polyguluronate sulfate (PGS) (Fig. 3) is a low molecular weight sulfated brown algae polysaccharide obtained by chemical sulfation of polyguluronate (PG) with about 1.5 sulfate per sugar residue [42,43].
T59 3888-4136 Sentence denotes Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is the most important bioactive component isolated from a Chinese traditional herbal medicine of Astragalus membranaceus, which is composed of glucose, mannose, d-glucose, and D-galactose (Fig. 3) [[44], [45], [46]].
T60 4137-4302 Sentence denotes Radix Isatidis (RI) is also a kind of traditional Chinese herbal medicine with significant antiviral effect, and polysaccharide is its main active component [47,48].
T61 4303-4399 Sentence denotes The polysaccharide from RI is mainly composed of mannose, glucose, galactose and arabinose [49].
T62 4400-4499 Sentence denotes Mushrooms are used as food for long time in China, and also are drugs in the Orient centuries [50].
T63 4500-4629 Sentence denotes Lentinus edodes is one of the most widely edible mushrooms, and is popularly consumed as health foods in Asian countries [50,51].
T64 4630-4861 Sentence denotes Among the bioactive components of mushrooms, the Lentinus edodes polysaccharide (lentinan, LNT) is the most extensively investigated with many immune processes, which is generally described as biological response modifiers [52,53].
T65 4862-5013 Sentence denotes It consists of a β-(1 → 3)-glucan backbone with β-(1 → 6)-glucosyl side-branching units terminated by mannosyl or galactosyl residues (Fig. 3) [50,51].
T66 5014-5117 Sentence denotes Recently, LNT has been widely used as an alternative medicine and dietary supplement in the world [50].
T67 5119-5157 Sentence denotes 2.2 Anti-coronavirus activity of GAGs
T68 5158-5320 Sentence denotes Cell surface GAGs serve as co-receptors by increasing the local concentration of pathogens, so that they can more efficiently interact with their entry receptors.
T69 5321-5459 Sentence denotes Most coronavirus receptors of carbohydrate are mainly negatively charged, such as sulfated GAGs or glycans containing sialic acid [54,55].
T70 5460-5644 Sentence denotes S protein concentrated outside the virus contains the receptor binding domains (RBDs) at the N-terminal, such as MHV-CoV N-RBD and SARS C-RBD with their receptor (Fig. 2B–D) [7,56,57].
T71 5645-5806 Sentence denotes The coronavirus NL63 (CoV-NL63), and SARS-CoV use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a primary receptor for infection of target cells (Fig. 2) [56,58,59].
T72 5807-5978 Sentence denotes Phylogenetically, SARS-CoV-2 is almost identical to SARS-CoV, sharing 79.6% genomic sequence identity [60], and use the same cell entry receptor, ACE2, as SARS-CoV [8,60].
T73 5979-6201 Sentence denotes During infection, CoV first binds host cell via interaction between its S1-RBD and the cell membrane receptor, triggering conformational changes in the S2 subunit that result in virus fusion and entry into the target cell.
T74 6202-6361 Sentence denotes Viral RNA gradually forms mature virions through replication, transcription, and synthesis, and then is released from host cell (Fig. 4 ) [8,[60], [61], [62]].
T75 6362-6525 Sentence denotes However, the expression of ACE2 is not sufficient for infection, and HSPGs play important roles in the entry of some pathogens such as SARS-CoV [[63], [64], [65]].
T76 6526-6627 Sentence denotes A soluble HS was used to assess whether the attachment of HCoV-NL63 was mediated by HS proteoglycans.
T77 6628-6867 Sentence denotes Flow cytometric analysis showed that the adhesion of virus to LLC-Mk2 cells was completely inhibited in the presence of soluble HS, indicating the role of this molecule in adhesion to susceptible cells and possible also in cell entry [54].
T78 6868-7054 Sentence denotes Both CoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV initially bind to the HS on the cell surface, and virus entry depends on the HS interaction, indicating that HS can inhibit virus attachment and entry [22,54].
T79 7055-7105 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 Life cycle of highly pathogenic human CoVs.
T80 7106-7216 Sentence denotes These CoVs enter host cells by first binding to their respective cellular receptors via the surface S protein.
T81 7217-7293 Sentence denotes Viral genomic RNA is released and translated into viral polymerase proteins.
T82 7294-7587 Sentence denotes Viral RNA and nucleocapsid (N) structural protein are replicated, transcribed, or synthesized in the cytoplasm, whereas other viral structural proteins, including S, membrane (M), and envelope (E), are transcribed then translated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to the Golgi.
T83 7588-7768 Sentence denotes The viral RNA–N complex and S, M, and E proteins are further assembled in the ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) to form a mature virion, then released from host cells [62].
T84 7769-7941 Sentence denotes Natural products of HS and the allied polysaccharide, heparin, are involved and prevent infection by a range of viruses including S-associated coronavirus strain HSR1 [66].
T85 7942-8053 Sentence denotes HS is known to bind CoV surface proteins and to be used by coronavirus for its attachment to target cells [54].
T86 8054-8222 Sentence denotes Currently, there are no commercially available medicinal products designed to treat and/or prevent infections associated with the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus outbreak.
T87 8223-8389 Sentence denotes The surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism were used to measure the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 protein RBD (SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD) and heparin.
T88 8390-8484 Sentence denotes Additionally, basic amino acids are known to dictate the binding between proteins and heparin.
T89 8485-8753 Sentence denotes Primary sequence analysis of the expressed protein domain and analysis of the modeled SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD structure show that there are several potential heparin binding sites, and more importantly, theses patches of basic amino acids are exposed on the protein surface.
T90 8754-8923 Sentence denotes This study has implications for the rapid development of a first-line therapeutic by repurposing heparin and for next-generation, tailor-made, GAG-based antivirals [66].
T91 8925-8981 Sentence denotes 2.3 Anti-coronavirus activity of marine polysaccharides
T92 8982-9181 Sentence denotes Marine polysaccharides, such as carrageenan, PGS, chitosan, and their derivatives, show good inhibitory activity against various viruses, which provides a reference for their research on coronavirus.
T93 9182-9419 Sentence denotes Iota-carrageenan containing lozenges show highly active against human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza virus A H1N1, and HCoV OC43 throughout the entire dissolution process, and are a promising therapy against viral infections of throat [67].
T94 9420-9855 Sentence denotes The cationically modified chitosan, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC), shows significant inhibition against the human coronavirus HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1, and its hydrophobically modified derivative (HM-HTCC) is a potent inhibitor of the coronavirus HCoV-NL63, indicating that HTCC polymers based on chitosan are effective inhibitors of all low-pathogenic human coronaviruses [68].
T95 9856-10038 Sentence denotes Acute viral upper respiratory tract infection, also known as common cold, is mainly caused by respiratory viruses such as rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus [[69], [70], [71]].
T96 10039-10160 Sentence denotes Clinical trials applying iota-carrageenan nasal spray have shown to reduce the duration of a virus-confirmed common cold.
T97 10161-10384 Sentence denotes Carrageenan nasal spray shows significant antiviral efficacy in three virus subgroups, HRV, human coronavirus, and influenza A virus (IAV), and the highest effectiveness was observed in human corona virus-infected patients.
T98 10385-10588 Sentence denotes The reduced duration of disease was 3 days (p < 0.01), and the number of relapses was three times less (p < 0.01) in carrageenan treated corona-virus -infected patients compared to control patients [70].
T99 10589-10720 Sentence denotes After the outbreak of SARS in 2003, many survivors developed residual pulmonary fibrosis with increased severity in older patients.
T100 10721-10885 Sentence denotes Pulmonary fibrosis is caused by a hyperactive host response to lung injury mediated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in animal models (Fig. 5 ).
T101 10886-11014 Sentence denotes Inhibition of EGFR signaling can prevent an excessive fibrotic response to SARS-CoV and other respiratory viral infections [72].
T102 11015-11208 Sentence denotes Moreover, sulfated polysaccharides such as fucoidan and sulfated rhamnan, can interfere or inhibit the expression and activation of EGFR pathway, which may help to suppress coronavirus [73,74].
T103 11209-11370 Sentence denotes The understanding of how polysaccharides play a role in EGFR and other pro-fibrotic pathways after viral infection will provide new ideas for COVID-19 treatment.
T104 11371-11441 Sentence denotes Fig. 5 The illustration about potential role of EGFR in lung fibrosis.
T105 11442-11596 Sentence denotes Physical injury or a pathogen ① initiates the wound healing response by damaging healthy tissue, releasing EGFR ligands ② and activating the EGFR pathway.
T106 11597-11680 Sentence denotes This results in an exaggerated wound healing response leading to a fibrotic lung ③.
T107 11681-11801 Sentence denotes The early use of inhibitors like tyrosine kinase ④ could prevent the normal progress of wound healing and fibrosis [72].
T108 11803-11881 Sentence denotes 2.4 Anti-coronavirus activity of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides
T109 11882-12008 Sentence denotes Traditional Chinese herbal medicine is widely used in the prevention and treatment of viral infectious diseases in China [75].
T110 12009-12235 Sentence denotes Some Chinese herbs contain potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 active compounds, especially Hedysarum multijugum maxim, coptidis rhizoma, and forsythiae fructus, which have been catalogued for treating viral respiratory infections [76].
T111 12236-12341 Sentence denotes This provides a basis for the application of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides in coronavirus.
T112 12342-12480 Sentence denotes The avian coronavirus causes infectious bronchitis (IB), which is one of the most serious diseases affecting the avian industry worldwide.
T113 12481-12606 Sentence denotes APS can significantly reduce the replication of IBV in infected chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells in a dose-dependent manner.
T114 12607-12811 Sentence denotes The titer of IBV-specific antibodies, lymphocyte proliferation, and the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-8, and TNF-a in APS treatment groups were higher than those in the control group.
T115 12812-12965 Sentence denotes These data suggest that APS enhances the immune response to IBV vaccination in chickens, and is a potential therapeutic agent for inhibiting IBV [77,78].
T116 12966-13090 Sentence denotes During the outbreak of SARS coronaviruses in China, RI, as a Chinese medicinal herb, was prepared as an antiviral drug [79].
T117 13091-13367 Sentence denotes Polysaccharides isolated from RI have been shown to stimulate the expression of cytokines, such as IL-2 and interferon (INF)-γ, thereby regulating and enhancing non-specific immunological function, humoral immunity and cellular immunity in mice to play antiviral effects [48].
T118 13368-13806 Sentence denotes Active compounds derived from cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia (AHCC) is an α-glucan-based standardized mushroom extract that has been extensively investigated as an immunostimulant both in animals and in humans affected by influenza virus, herpes virus, avian influenza virus (AIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by promoting a regulated and protective immune response [80].
T119 13807-14021 Sentence denotes Due to its action in promoting a protective response to a wide range of viral infections, which can support its use in the prevention of diseases provoked by a human pathogenic coronavirus, including COVID-19 [80].