LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7358770 / 19550-28918 JSONTXT 15 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T120 0-51 Sentence denotes 3 Polysaccharides have unique antiviral mechanisms
T121 52-155 Sentence denotes The antiviral mechanism of polysaccharides is usually related to its specific structure and virus type.
T122 156-251 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm [81].
T123 252-488 Sentence denotes To deliver the nucleocapsid into host cell, the coronavirus-cell entry procedure involves the fusion of the envelope with the host cell membrane mediated by viral S proteins (Fig. 2) [7,81], which is the main determinant of virus entry.
T124 490-526 Sentence denotes 3.1 Directly interacting with virus
T125 527-726 Sentence denotes Polysaccharides, especially sulfated polysaccharides, can interact with the surface of virus by negative charge, thereby inhibiting the infectious ability of the virus, or killing the virus directly.
T126 727-921 Sentence denotes Pathogens use GAGs at almost every major entry portal to promote their attachment and invasion of host cells, to move from one cell to another, and to protect themselves from immune attack [22].
T127 922-1248 Sentence denotes For example, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate was effective in blocking laboratory strain HIV-1IIIB entry and replication (4.26 μg/mL and 0.73 μg/mL, respectively), and inhibiting infection by clinic isolate HIV-1KM018 and HIV-1TC-2 (23.75 μg/mL and 31.86 μg/mL, respectively) as well as suppressing HIV-1 drug-resistant virus.
T128 1249-1407 Sentence denotes Further studies indicated that fucosylated chondroitin sulfate can potently bind the recombinant HIV-1 gp120 protein to inhibit several strains of HIV-1 [82].
T129 1408-1528 Sentence denotes A cationically modified chitosan derivative, HTCC, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of HCoV-NL63 replication.
T130 1529-1711 Sentence denotes The analysis of the interaction between HTCC polymer and the recombinant ectodomain of the S protein from CoV showed binding, resulting in the formation of protein-polymer complexes.
T131 1712-1805 Sentence denotes One may assume that such binding will result in the efficient inactivation of the virus [83].
T132 1806-1902 Sentence denotes Carrageenan acts primarily by preventing the binding or the entry of virions into cells [84,85].
T133 1903-2043 Sentence denotes Iota-carrageenan, a high molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide, is an approved antiviral drug that interacts with the viral surface [67].
T134 2044-2142 Sentence denotes The binding and inactivation of virus particles by iota-carrageenan are fast and highly effective.
T135 2143-2309 Sentence denotes During the residence time of the iota-carrageenan containing lozenge in the mouth, the viral titer is reduced by 85% and 91% for IAV and HCoV-OC43, respectively [67].
T136 2310-2539 Sentence denotes Furthermore, animal experiments have shown that iota-carrageenan can reduce the spreading of influenza virus in surface epithelia of infected animals, and thereby provided sufficient benefits for animals to promote survival [86].
T137 2541-2586 Sentence denotes 3.2 Inhibiting virus adsorption and invasion
T138 2587-2762 Sentence denotes The first step for virus to invade a cell is to bind to the cell surface by electrostatic interaction or a receptor, such as heparan sulfated proteoglycan on the cell surface.
T139 2763-2952 Sentence denotes Polysaccharides, especially sulfated polysaccharides, have strong polyanionic properties, and can block the positive charge on the cell surface to prevent virus adsorption or invasion [12].
T140 2953-3110 Sentence denotes The invasion process of virus is often associated with the endocytosis of virus, the fusion of virus with cell membrane, and the translocation of virus [12].
T141 3111-3342 Sentence denotes Heparin or heparin-like materials with broad-spectrum antiviral properties [[87], [88], [89]] have been developed to mimic the cell surface carbohydrates responsible for initial viral attachment, such as HS and carrageenan [34,90].
T142 3343-3504 Sentence denotes The sulfated polysaccharide derived from marine microalga showed strong inhibition against IAV infection via the viral adsorption and internalization steps [91].
T143 3505-3652 Sentence denotes The antiviral effect of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds was mainly exerted during dengue virus (DENV)-2 adsorption and internalization [92].
T144 3653-3945 Sentence denotes Iota-carrageenan and its N-sulfonated derivatives of poly (allylamine) hydrochloride showed strong antiviral activities against human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a kind of respiratory infections RNA virus, by blocking virus release from the cellular membrane and inhibiting virus adsorption [93].
T145 3946-4063 Sentence denotes Iota-carrageenan also effectively prevents the replication of HRV in primary human nasal epithelial cells in culture.
T146 4064-4188 Sentence denotes The data suggest that iota-carrageenan acts primarily by preventing the binding or the entry of virions into the cells [85].
T147 4189-4300 Sentence denotes Fucoidan can bind to the neuraminidase (NA) of IAV, and inhibit the activity of NA to block the release of IAV.
T148 4301-4479 Sentence denotes Additionally, fucoidan can also interfere with the activation of EGFR, PKCα, NF-κB, and Akt, and inhibit both IAV endocytosis and EGFR internalization in IAV-infected cells [73].
T149 4480-4611 Sentence denotes The antiviral mechanism of the fucoidans may be through blocking herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 virion adsorption to host cells [94].
T150 4612-4813 Sentence denotes Our team found that 3,6-O-sulfated chitosan (36S) possessed broad anti-HPV activities by directly targeting viral capsid protein and host PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to inhibit cell autophagy (Fig. 6 ) [95].
T151 4814-5045 Sentence denotes Interestingly, using HCoV-NL63 as a model system, it can be determined that HTCC polymer blocks the interaction between S protein and cell receptor, consequently blocking its entry into cells and preventing virus infection [68,96].
T152 5046-5211 Sentence denotes The nano/microspheres of N-(2-hydroxypropyl) -3-trimethyl chitosan (HTCC-NS/MS) were used for adsorption of the coronavirus HCoV-NL63 from aqueous virus suspensions.
T153 5212-5344 Sentence denotes This nano/microspheres can be applied for the removal of coronaviruses and purification of water from pathogenic coronaviruses [97].
T154 5345-5413 Sentence denotes Fig. 6 The mechanism of 3,6-O-sulfated chitosan inhibiting HBV [95].
T155 5415-5466 Sentence denotes 3.3 Inhibiting viral transcription and replication
T156 5467-5618 Sentence denotes Polysaccharides, especially sulfated polysaccharides, can directly interfere with viral replication related enzymes and relevant targets in host cells.
T157 5619-5820 Sentence denotes Iota-carrageenan can effectively inhibit porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication at mRNA and protein levels in both Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages [98].
T158 5821-6014 Sentence denotes Carrageenan oligosaccharide and its sulphated derivative have good inhibitory effects on IAV replication both in vitro and in vivo, while not seem to be dependent on the interferon system [99].
T159 6015-6183 Sentence denotes Sulfated polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis shows anti-influenza virus activities in vitro by inhibiting viral adsorption and replication on host cells [100].
T160 6184-6410 Sentence denotes Polysaccharides isolated from Grifola frondosa showed resistance against enterovirus 71, a positive-stranded RNA virus, by blocking viral replication and inhibiting viral VP1 protein expression and genomic RNA synthesis [101].
T161 6411-6637 Sentence denotes The virus replication was inhibited by a sulfated polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis, which is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine, at the dose of 10 and 30 mg/kg (26% and 30% inhibition respectively) [102].
T162 6638-6790 Sentence denotes APS has a long-lasting inhibitory effect on HBV replication in vivo, which can be used as a supplementary modality to treat hepatitis B infection [103].
T163 6791-6890 Sentence denotes Furthermore, APS can inhibit the replication of avian IBV in vitro in a dose-dependent manner [78].
T164 6892-6946 Sentence denotes 3.4 Activating host antiviral immunomodulatory system
T165 6947-7193 Sentence denotes After the virus invades the host, it will trigger the host's immune response, such as regulating the host NK and macrophages cells, inducing the production of immune cytokines, and indirectly exert antiviral effects by activating innate immunity.
T166 7194-7511 Sentence denotes Chitosan can enhance antigen-specific immune responses by increasing the induction of regulatory T cells, lung resident T cells, and neutralizing antibodies while reversing Th2-skewed immune responses induced by inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine without affecting lung histopathology in mice [13].
T167 7512-7702 Sentence denotes The sulphated-carrageenan from red alga showed a strong effect on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection by affecting virus accumulation/infectivity and enhancing locally plant immunity [104].
T168 7703-7848 Sentence denotes APS can significantly enhance the immunological function of chicken erythrocytes after infected with infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) [105].
T169 7849-7972 Sentence denotes Additionally, APS can reduce the replication of H9N2 AIV and promote early humoral immune responses in young chickens [17].
T170 7973-8206 Sentence denotes LNT can significantly down-regulate the expression level of TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-11, and up-modulate the expression levels of IFN-1 and IFN-γ after challenging with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), which is an RNA virus.
T171 8207-8381 Sentence denotes The results indicate that the inhibitory effects of LNT on IHNV infection are possibly attributed to its regulation of the innate immune responses and specific immunity [51].
T172 8382-8546 Sentence denotes In addition, our team found that PGS, a sulfated derivative of alginate, can effectively inhibit the expression and secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15cells.
T173 8547-8748 Sentence denotes The anti-HBV mechanism of PGS may be associated with appropriate activation of NF-κB and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways to enhance the interferon system, and interfere with HBV transcription (Fig. 7 ).
T174 8749-8903 Sentence denotes This study suggested that PGS merits further investigation as a novel anti-HBV agent aimed at modulating the host innate immune system in the future [42].
T175 8904-8993 Sentence denotes These studies bring new ideas to the development of current anti-novel coronavirus drugs.
T176 8994-9058 Sentence denotes Fig. 7 The molecular mechanisms of PGS inhibits HBV replication.
T177 9059-9194 Sentence denotes Cellular NF-κB and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways are associated with the activation of innate immune system such as interferon system.
T178 9195-9368 Sentence denotes PGS can bind and enter into HepG2.2.15 cells to activate the NF-κB and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways to enhance the interferon system, and indirectly suppress HBV transcription [42].