LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7354481 / 2630-11559 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T17 0-2 Sentence denotes 1.
T18 3-15 Sentence denotes Introduction
T19 16-200 Sentence denotes The emergence of SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus-mediated disease 2019, or COVID-19, has now spread pandemically, resulting in a serious global health crisis.
T20 201-304 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses are positive-single stranded RNA (+ssRNA) zoonotic viruses with a ~30 kb genome (approx).
T21 305-414 Sentence denotes The coronavirus subfamily is divided into four genera: α, β, γ, and δ, based on serotype and genome features.
T22 415-548 Sentence denotes The genome of a typical CoV codes for at least 6 different open reading frames (ORFs), which have variations based on the CoV type 4.
T23 549-680 Sentence denotes Some ORFs encode non-structural proteins while others code for structural proteins required for viral replication and pathogenesis.
T24 681-868 Sentence denotes Structural proteins include the spike (S) glycoprotein, which has various roles in SARS-CoV based on sequence analysis and might share similar viral genomic and transcriptomic complexity.
T25 869-1003 Sentence denotes Other proteins include matrix (M) protein, small envelope (E) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein for virus entrance and spread [1].
T26 1004-1140 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 infections mainly target the lungs with respect to other viral infections, which begin with upper respiratory tract symptoms.
T27 1141-1320 Sentence denotes However, it is obvious that an important differentiating feature of the current SARS-CoV-2 infection is that it does not follow regular viral lower respiratory infection pathways.
T28 1321-1401 Sentence denotes There are a wide variety of clinical symptoms presented by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T29 1402-1747 Sentence denotes Mainly (otherwise unexplained) fever and a failure to breathe fully are the most frequent symptoms, with non-productive cough, sneezing, sudden loss of smell and/or taste, pain in the chest cavity (mostly anteriorly), headache and prominent muscle ache, abdominal pain with diarrhoea, and neurological symptoms with facial nerve involvement [2].
T30 1748-1871 Sentence denotes Patients are generally referred to hospital when fever does not subside for 2 to 3 days, or respiratory effort gets harder.
T31 1872-2055 Sentence denotes Clinical observation indicates that elderly patients present more unexplained fever for 3 days, in contrast to younger patients who present with difficulty in breathing without fever.
T32 2056-2378 Sentence denotes In addition, the current lack of successful therapeutic intervention strategies to prevent the disease, or overcome serious mortality rates as a result of difficult lung pathophysiology mediated by SARS-CoV-2 infection, requires clarification of the molecular aetiology behind the mild or severe conditions of the disease.
T33 2379-2550 Sentence denotes Increasing mortality rates are the major obstacle in the management of the disease in existing healthcare systems, which have insufficient numbers of intensive care units.
T34 2551-2707 Sentence denotes Clinically, the initiation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the predominant severe pathology, leads to diffuse alveolar damage (DAD).
T35 2708-2966 Sentence denotes In addition, the presence of a cytokine storm, the excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL2R, is associated with ARDS, hypercoagulation and increased erythematosus sedimentation rate (ESR) [3].
T36 2967-3108 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2, as well as other viruses, leads to pathophysiological problems in the host cells, and alters the expression of a number of genes.
T37 3109-3214 Sentence denotes Thus, clarification of molecular regulators on human cells is important to evaluate molecular mechanisms.
T38 3215-3458 Sentence denotes MicroRNAs (miRs) are non-coding RNAs of length approximately 20–22 nucleotides; they post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by binding to the 3′-untranslated regions of target mRNAs, leading to degradation or translational inhibition.
T39 3459-3763 Sentence denotes Each miR can target hundreds of mRNAs within a given cell type, and a single mRNA is often the target of multiple miRs, and thus over half of the human transcriptome is predicted to be under miR regulation, embedding this post-transcriptional control pathway within nearly every biological process [4,5].
T40 3764-3857 Sentence denotes Virally expressed miRs have recently been discovered, especially in viruses with DNA genomes.
T41 3858-4021 Sentence denotes The best-known viral miRs are found mostly in herpesvirus families, where they enhance bilateral crosstalk between viral pathogenesis and host response mechanisms.
T42 4022-4166 Sentence denotes Additionally, it has been shown that different virus families such as delta bovine leukaemia virus and foamy retroviruses could encode miRs [6].
T43 4167-4303 Sentence denotes As previously shown, viral miRs are critical in the immune evasion mechanisms, affecting host immunity-related gene regulation networks.
T44 4304-4460 Sentence denotes This bilateral effect results in a rapid increase during the virus resistance against host defence mechanisms and leads to their survival in host cells [7].
T45 4461-4699 Sentence denotes The scope of miR generation from ssRNA viral genomes has been controversial, mainly due to the potentially deleterious effect of ssRNA viral genome cleavage into pre-/pri-miRs, making it unavailable for packaging into new virus particles.
T46 4700-4822 Sentence denotes However, predictive studies on RNA viral genomes reveal RNA structures, which are conceivable Drosha and Dicer substrates.
T47 4823-5009 Sentence denotes One of the well-described annotations was performed for HIV to define HIV-1 TAR RNA, a 59-nt long sequence that could generate a stem-loop structure similar to the pre-miR structure [8].
T48 5010-5086 Sentence denotes The identified numbers of viral miRs are not as many as for other organisms.
T49 5087-5258 Sentence denotes One of the reasons for this is that viral miRs, due to their cytoplasmic location in host cells, render interaction with nuclear miR biogenesis elements of the host cells.
T50 5259-5347 Sentence denotes Another hypothesis is that the cleavage of the viral RNA genome could generate miRs [9].
T51 5348-5533 Sentence denotes According to data obtained using in silico screening, there are fewer identified virus miRs compared with other species, and their functional roles in host cells are not well described.
T52 5534-5645 Sentence denotes Therefore, greater effort is required to identify novel virally encoded miRs and to predict their host targets.
T53 5646-5725 Sentence denotes Conversely, host cell miRs may alter the biological effect of the viruses [10].
T54 5726-6145 Sentence denotes Several interactions between viruses and the miRs in the host cells have been reported: the virus may either avoid being targeted by the cellular miRs [11]; block the cellular miRs to regulate key proteins in main signalling pathways [12,13]; synthesize their own viral miRs to create a more favourable cellular environment to survive in the host cells [14], or simply use the cellular miRs to their own advantage [15].
T55 6146-6253 Sentence denotes It should also be noted that host cell miR repertoires change dramatically in response to various diseases.
T56 6254-6465 Sentence denotes Several underlying cardiovascular and lung conditions may significantly alter host miR expression, which would affect virus-host lung cell interactions, and may significantly determine the course of the disease.
T57 6466-6628 Sentence denotes The existence of sequences within the ssRNA viral genome with a high degree of sequence similarity to human (or mammalian) sequences is unlikely to be accidental.
T58 6629-6842 Sentence denotes Hypothetically, some viral ssRNA molecules may be channelled into the miR processing pathways influencing the host cell, whilst other ssRNAs are packaged, combinations of which may increase overall viral activity.
T59 6843-6950 Sentence denotes The general prediction mechanism of putative miRs is based on the determination of seed region specificity.
T60 6951-7082 Sentence denotes The seed sequence, which is the critical part of the target prediction, is essential for the binding of the miR to the target mRNA.
T61 7083-7243 Sentence denotes The seed sequence or seed region is referred to as an evolutionary conserved heptameric sequence, which is mostly situated at positions 2–7 from the miR 5’-end.
T62 7244-7400 Sentence denotes Therefore, point mutations at seed regions are critical to evaluate the target specificity and functional consequences of the potential miR and target mRNA.
T63 7401-7613 Sentence denotes The complex interaction between the viruses and the host miRs mostly become more advantageous for the viruses as they enable them to avoid the immune system response and allow them to employ the host’s miRs [16].
T64 7614-7784 Sentence denotes Recently it has been suggested that miRs play a role in the host’s defence system against viral infections such as HIV-1, HSV, HCV, dengue and influenza [17,18,19,20,21].
T65 7785-7869 Sentence denotes Therefore, targeting specific miRs could prove to be a novel strategy for treatment.
T66 7870-7962 Sentence denotes The best-known anti-miR treatment for viral infection is targeting miR-122 to cure HCV [18].
T67 7963-8113 Sentence denotes It has also been reported that anti-miR-based HCV therapy is genotype independent, which makes it safe, effective and well tolerated by patients [22].
T68 8114-8325 Sentence denotes In this study, our first aim was to identify human miRs that show sequence similarities to the SARS-CoV-2 genome, and their conservation ratio in SARS-CoV-2 isolates obtained from different geographical regions.
T69 8326-8539 Sentence denotes Following determination of significantly similar miR sequences, we evaluated their potential effect on host cells through analysis of their target genes and related KEGG and GO pathways using bioinformatics tools.
T70 8540-8731 Sentence denotes In the final part of the study, the miR-mediated alterations of different pathways were compared to public transcriptome data obtained from SARS-CoV-2-infected cell and tissue biopsy samples.
T71 8732-8929 Sentence denotes To this end, the study aims to clarify the role of potential miR-mimic sequences in the SARS-CoV-2 genome with their host target genes, which may propose a new perspective for antiviral strategies.