LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7352545 / 26135-32535 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T249 0-2 Sentence denotes 5.
T250 3-13 Sentence denotes HE of CoVs
T251 15-19 Sentence denotes 5.1.
T252 20-72 Sentence denotes Evolutionary Origin and Classification of the CoV HE
T253 73-174 Sentence denotes Certain viruses use glycoproteins such as HA, HE, S and HEF for host receptor binding or destruction.
T254 175-299 Sentence denotes Coronaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Adenoviridae utilize SAs as binding molecules for attachment and entry.
T255 300-356 Sentence denotes However, only limited human pathogens recognize O-Ac SA.
T256 358-364 Sentence denotes 5.1.1.
T257 365-416 Sentence denotes Influenza Virus A and B Spike Proteins of HA and NA
T258 417-494 Sentence denotes Influenza A and B viruses bear two spikes of receptor-binding HA and NA [45].
T259 496-502 Sentence denotes 5.1.2.
T260 503-527 Sentence denotes Influenza C virus HA-HEF
T261 528-581 Sentence denotes HEF is indeed an ancient type of SA-O-acetylesterase.
T262 582-690 Sentence denotes In contrast to A/B, the influenza C virus bears one spike with triple functions of HEF as a homotrimer [46].
T263 691-776 Sentence denotes Each HEF subunit bears two Neu5,9Ac2-binding sites and binds to the 9-O-acetyl group.
T264 777-837 Sentence denotes In parallel, another modification of O-acetylation is found.
T265 838-956 Sentence denotes Indeed, influenza C virus bears SA-O-acetylesterase [47], which converts 5-N-acetyl-9-O-NeuAc (Neu5,9Ac2) to 5-Neu5Ac.
T266 957-1112 Sentence denotes The 9-O-acetyl SA is a unique determinant for the influenza C virus receptor and Neu5,9Ac2 is crucial for receptor activity, but not Neu5Gc or Neu5Ac [48].
T267 1113-1205 Sentence denotes Neu5,9Ac2 is an essential determinant for influenza virus C type-specific host cell tropism.
T268 1206-1265 Sentence denotes NAs cleave the α-ketosidic linkages to the D-Gal or GalNAc.
T269 1266-1333 Sentence denotes SA-O-acetylesterases cleave different O-acetyl linkages (Figure 5).
T270 1334-1436 Sentence denotes The OH-group of Tyr224 and the guanidino group of Arg236 interact with the CH3CO-carbonyl oxygen [49].
T271 1437-1576 Sentence denotes HEF SA-O-acetylesterase is found in several enveloped (+) ssRNA viruses of influenza C virus and also in certain CoVs and toroviruses [47].
T272 1577-1755 Sentence denotes The CoVs are different from the orthomyxoviruses, which hold a segmented (−) ssRNA genome and are instead evolutionary linked to the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales [45].
T273 1757-1763 Sentence denotes 5.1.3.
T274 1764-1790 Sentence denotes CoV SA-O-Acetylesterase HE
T275 1791-1879 Sentence denotes CoVs and toroviruses of the Coronaviridae family are specific for the O-Ac SA receptors.
T276 1880-1946 Sentence denotes Their S and HE glycoproteins are similar to influenza C virus HEF.
T277 1947-2104 Sentence denotes CoVs and all toroviruses bear HE gene form class I envelope membrane proteins of about 400 amino acid residues which bear 7 to 12 N-glycosylation sites [50].
T278 2105-2137 Sentence denotes HE multimer forms enter virions.
T279 2138-2256 Sentence denotes Bovine CoV (BCoV) and HCoV-OC43, similar to influenza C virus, recognize Neu5,9Ac2 and bear SA-9-O-acetylesterase [8].
T280 2257-2291 Sentence denotes CoV HEs are all O-acetylesterases.
T281 2292-2485 Sentence denotes The HE enzymes found in torovirus, CoV and influenza C virus are evolutionarily interspecies-mutated with about 30% homology by heterologous RNA recombination [51] and horizontal gene transfer.
T282 2486-2549 Sentence denotes Therefore, viral HEs are diverse and widespread over evolution.
T283 2551-2555 Sentence denotes 5.2.
T284 2556-2590 Sentence denotes Substrate Diversity of the CoV HEs
T285 2591-2668 Sentence denotes HEs as envelope proteins are found in CoVs, orthomyxoviruses and toroviruses.
T286 2669-2732 Sentence denotes Coronaviral HEs are involved in virus attachment to SA species.
T287 2733-2841 Sentence denotes HE protein in β-CoVs binds to Neu5,9Ac2 form SA and agglutinates the red blood cells (RBCs) of rodents [52].
T288 2842-2955 Sentence denotes As with SA-O-acetylesterase, HE potentiates viral entry with the S protein and spreading via the mucosal glycans.
T289 2956-3024 Sentence denotes It contains a carbohydrate-recognizing domain (CRD) known in lectin.
T290 3025-3107 Sentence denotes The HE glycan-binding domain (GBD) mediates virus attachment to SAs on host cells.
T291 3108-3126 Sentence denotes HE is the only HA.
T292 3127-3260 Sentence denotes This indicates that compared to the S glycoprotein, HE is only minor a HA and the S glycoprotein mainly attaches to the cell surface.
T293 3261-3483 Sentence denotes The HE protein of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), an enveloped CoV, binds to SA-4-acetylester or SA-9-O-acetylester of the carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1a (CEACAM; known as CD66a) as the key receptor [53].
T294 3484-3561 Sentence denotes Murine CoVs HEs acquired by horizontal gene transfer, bind to C9-O-Ac Neu5Ac.
T295 3562-3621 Sentence denotes However, some murine CoV HEs cannot bind to C4-O-Ac Neu5Ac.
T296 3622-3772 Sentence denotes The original mouse MHV HE binds to C9-O-Ac Neu5Ac, while the MHV S-strain HE evolutionarily acquired the ability to bind to C4-O-Ac Neu5Ac [12,53,54].
T297 3773-3924 Sentence denotes In terms of structure, the C5 N- and C9 O-Ac Neu5Ac-accomodating hydrophobic pocket was shifted to a C5 N- and C4-O-Ac Neu5Ac-accomodating pocket [55].
T298 3925-3987 Sentence denotes Type I HE is specific for the 9-O-acetylated SAs (9-O-Ac-SAs).
T299 3988-4026 Sentence denotes Type II HE is specific for 4-O-Ac-SAs.
T300 4027-4151 Sentence denotes The SA-binding shift indicates quasi-synchronous adaptations of the SA-recognition sites of the lectin and esterase domains.
T301 4152-4287 Sentence denotes Type I HE monomers of β-CoV lineage A have a bimodular enzyme–lectin domain similar to cellular glycan/carbohydrate-modifying proteins.
T302 4288-4492 Sentence denotes Originally, HE homologs are found in various viruses including toroviruses and orthomyxoviruses such as the influenza virus C/D and isavirus, as well as the exceptional case of β-CoV lineage A among CoVs.
T303 4493-4649 Sentence denotes The HE gene was transmitted to a β-CoV lineage A progenitor via horizontal gene transfer from a 9-O-Ac-Sia–recognizing HEF, as shown in influenza virus C/D.
T304 4650-4825 Sentence denotes HE acquisition and expansion occurred by cross-species transmission over HE evolution and this phenomenon reflects viral evolutionary adaptation to host SA-containing glycans.
T305 4826-4938 Sentence denotes Therefore, CoV HE receptor switching precedes virus evolution driven by SA-containing glycan diversity of hosts.
T306 4939-5040 Sentence denotes For instance, the BcoV HE prefers 7,9-di-O-Ac-SAs, which is also a target of the bovine torovirus HE.
T307 5041-5184 Sentence denotes For a more outstanding case, such a switching event occurred in the murine CoVs for the β-CoV lineage A type switch toward O-Ac-SA recognition.
T308 5185-5429 Sentence denotes In the HE specificity of murine CoVs, two different murine CoV subtypes of virus group exist with one subtype possessing the typical 9-O-Ac-SA (type I) attachment factor and the other exclusively 4-O-Ac-SA (type II) attachment virus group [56].
T309 5430-5619 Sentence denotes The first coronaviral HE proteins identified were from the porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), BCoV and HCoV-OC43, which bear SA-9-O-acetylesterases similar to HEF [8].
T310 5620-5705 Sentence denotes Rat CoV (RCoV) has SA-4-O-acetylesterases, converting Neu4,5Ac2 to Neu5Ac [53,57,58].
T311 5706-5763 Sentence denotes Some murine CoVs prefer 4-O-Ac-SAs and others 9-O-Ac-SAs.
T312 5764-5845 Sentence denotes HCoV-OC43 and BCoV prefer α2-6-SA 9-O-acetylation by their SA-O-acetyleseterases.
T313 5846-6018 Sentence denotes The S glycoproteins of BCoV and HCoV-OC43 are Neu5,9Ac2-recognizing lectins and agglutinate murine, rat and chicken erythrocytes due to the enriched 9-O-Ac-SA species [52].
T314 6019-6102 Sentence denotes BCoV and HCoV-OC43 adapted to SA receptor determinants of 9-O-Ac-SA receptors [59].
T315 6103-6212 Sentence denotes For a second receptor, the binding of S glycoprotein to Neu5,9Ac2 receptor is essential for entry into cells.
T316 6213-6400 Sentence denotes BCoV-infection is prevented by prior treatment of cells with NA enzyme or with viral SA-O-acetylesterases, blocking the roles of HE and S glycoprotein in SA-dependent entry to host cells.