LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7352545 / 10618-19469 JSONTXT 12 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T87 0-2 Sentence denotes 3.
T88 3-47 Sentence denotes Structure, Components and Life Cycle of CoVs
T89 48-215 Sentence denotes CoVs are 60–140 nm in size and are enveloped (+) ssRNA viruses, which feature an RNA genome, directly available to function as mRNA and thus result in rapid infection.
T90 216-390 Sentence denotes CoVs exhibit RNA genomes of 28–32 kb, comprised of two large overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), which encode the virus replicase (transcriptase) and structural proteins.
T91 391-466 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 genome is 29,891 bp in size, which encodes 9860 amino acids.
T92 467-561 Sentence denotes The ssRNA are capped and tailed with a 5′-capping structure and 3′-poly A tail at the termini.
T93 562-727 Sentence denotes The genome is the same sense as virus mRNA indicating that the viral RNA is translated through its own (+) RNA to synthesize RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp; PDB:
T94 728-734 Sentence denotes 6M71).
T95 735-855 Sentence denotes Generally, viral families are determined by the genome structure and virion morphologies of an envelope or naked capsid.
T96 856-948 Sentence denotes A virus with a naked capsid has a coat of nucleocapsid protein (N) coating the viral genome.
T97 949-1041 Sentence denotes Viruses with an envelope have lipid envelopes further surrounding the outmost protein layer.
T98 1042-1177 Sentence denotes The 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) contains a spike (S) glycoprotein, E, dimeric HE enzyme, a membrane matrix glycoprotein (M), N and RNA [16].
T99 1178-1327 Sentence denotes The structural proteins are the S, N, M and E proteins, while the non-structural proteins are proteases such as Nsp3 and Nsp5 and RdRp such as Nsp12.
T100 1328-1468 Sentence denotes Among the N, M and S glycoproteins, the S glycoprotein is a fusion protein that recognizes the host receptor and enters the host cells [17].
T101 1469-1630 Sentence denotes The S, M and E proteins anchored into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane are trafficked to the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).
T102 1631-1716 Sentence denotes The RNA genome linked with nucleoprotein buds into the ERGIC to form virus particles.
T103 1717-1828 Sentence denotes Assembled virions transported to the vesicular surface are released to the extracellular milieu via exocytosis.
T104 1829-1897 Sentence denotes The RNA generates the replicase as two polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab.
T105 1898-2073 Sentence denotes The replicase-encoded viral proteases generate up to 16 nonstructural proteins (Nsps) in the cytosol to produce replicase enzyme and the replicase–transcriptase complex (RTC).
T106 2074-2181 Sentence denotes These enzymes including RTC synthesize RNAs for replication and transcription to generate viral RNA genome.
T107 2182-2272 Sentence denotes CoV genomes bear two or three protease genes and the coding enzymes cleave the replicases.
T108 2273-2370 Sentence denotes Together with the replicases, nonstructural proteins, termed Nsps, assemble into the RTC complex.
T109 2371-2427 Sentence denotes Nsp1 to Nsp16 are known to have multiple enzyme regions.
T110 2428-2557 Sentence denotes For example, Nsp1 degrades cellular mRNAs and, consequently blocks protein translation in host cells and innate immune responses.
T111 2558-2613 Sentence denotes Nsp2 recognizes the specific protein called prohibitin.
T112 2614-2688 Sentence denotes Nsp3 is a multi-domain transmembrane (TM) protein with diverse activities.
T113 2689-2817 Sentence denotes Ubiquitin-like 1 and acidic domains bind to N protein and ADP-ribose-1′-phosphatase (ADRP) activity induces cytokine expression.
T114 2818-2919 Sentence denotes The papain-like protease (PLpro)(PDB:6WX4)/ deubiquitinase domain cleaves virus-produced polyprotein.
T115 2920-2988 Sentence denotes Nsp4 is a TM scaffold protein for double-membrane vesicle structure.
T116 2989-3106 Sentence denotes Nsp5 has a main protease domain which also cleaves virus-produced polyprotein and Nsp6 acts as a TM scaffold protein.
T117 3107-3249 Sentence denotes The Nsp7 and Nsp8 proteins form the Nsp7-Nsp8 hexadecameric complex, which functions as an RNA polymerase-specific clamp and a primase enzyme.
T118 3250-3351 Sentence denotes Nsp9 is an RNA-binding protein that activates ExoN and 2-O-methyltrnasferase (MTase) enzyme activity.
T119 3352-3415 Sentence denotes Nsp10 binds to Nsp16 and Nsp14 to form a heterodimeric complex.
T120 3416-3487 Sentence denotes Nsp12 is the RdRp and Nsps13 is the RNA helicase and 5′ triphosphatase.
T121 3488-3535 Sentence denotes Nsps14 is a N7 MTase and 3′-5′ exoribonuclease.
T122 3536-3609 Sentence denotes ExoN of Nsap14 acts as an N7 MTase and attaches the 5′ cap to viral RNAs.
T123 3610-3717 Sentence denotes Viral exoribonuclease enzyme proofreads the viral RNA genome, where Nsp15 is a viral endoribonuclease (PDB:
T124 3718-3724 Sentence denotes 6VWW).
T125 3725-3849 Sentence denotes Nsp16 has 2-O-MTase enzyme activity, which shields viral RNA from melanoma differentiation associated protein-5 recognition.
T126 3851-3855 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T127 3856-3892 Sentence denotes Spike (S) Transmembrane Glycoprotein
T128 3893-3933 Sentence denotes In RNA viruses, the S glycoprotein (PDB:
T129 3934-4083 Sentence denotes 6VSB) is the biggest protein, heavily glycosylated and its N-terminal domain (NTD) sequence binds to the host receptor to enter the ER of host cells.
T130 4084-4153 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein bears 22 N-glycan sequons in each protomer.
T131 4154-4230 Sentence denotes Therefore, the trimeric S glycoprotein surface is dominated by 66 N-glycans.
T132 4231-4339 Sentence denotes The S glycoprotein mediates direct and indirect interaction of virus with host cells in the infection cycle.
T133 4340-4429 Sentence denotes All CoVs exhibit a surface S glycoprotein, which bears the receptor-binding domain (RBD).
T134 4430-4480 Sentence denotes The S glycoprotein has a distinct spike structure.
T135 4481-4679 Sentence denotes When S glycoprotein binds to its host receptor, a host furin-like protease cleaves the S glycoprotein, which liberates the spike fusion peptides, allowing entry of the virus into the host cell [18].
T136 4680-4857 Sentence denotes The furin-like protease-generated S1 and S2 exist as a S1/S2 complex, where S1 in a homotrimeric form interacts with the host cell membrane and S2 penetrates the cytosolic area.
T137 4858-4976 Sentence denotes For SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the S1 C-terminal domains (CTDs) have a dual role in virus entry via attachment and fusion.
T138 4977-5058 Sentence denotes The S1 NTD binds to carbohydrate receptors because the S1 domains act as the RBD.
T139 5059-5111 Sentence denotes The CTD of S1 recognizes protein receptors via RBDs.
T140 5113-5117 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T141 5118-5142 Sentence denotes Nucleocapsid (N) Protein
T142 5143-5205 Sentence denotes In RNA viruses, the N protein recognizes the viral RNA genome.
T143 5206-5225 Sentence denotes The N protein (PDB:
T144 5226-5276 Sentence denotes 6M3M) binds to the RNA genome via the NTD and CTD.
T145 5277-5358 Sentence denotes The N protein tethers to the viral RNA and replicase–transcriptase complex (RTC).
T146 5359-5369 Sentence denotes NSP3 (PDB:
T147 5370-5427 Sentence denotes 6VXS) of CoV blocks the innate immune responses of hosts.
T148 5428-5610 Sentence denotes After entrance into the host cells, for CoV transcription and particle release, RNA chaperones such as nonspecific nucleic acid binding proteins potentiate ssRNA conformation shifts.
T149 5611-5681 Sentence denotes Representatively, the N protein is known as the RNA chaperone protein.
T150 5682-5854 Sentence denotes For example, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylates the SARS-CoV N-protein and thus, GSK3 inhibition contributes to reduced replication activity of SARS-CoV [19].
T151 5855-6131 Sentence denotes In addition, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) regulates the preformed mRNA splicing in the nucleus and continuous translation. hnRNPA1 interacts with SARS-CoV N protein to form a replication and transcription complex during ssRNA genome biosynthesis [20].
T152 6133-6137 Sentence denotes 3.3.
T153 6138-6158 Sentence denotes Envelope (E) Protein
T154 6159-6259 Sentence denotes E protein is the most abundant structural protein needed to assemble virus particles in the cytosol.
T155 6260-6342 Sentence denotes As a TM protein, E protein is the smallest structural protein with a MW of 12 kDa.
T156 6343-6430 Sentence denotes The E protein has an NTD in the extracellular region and a CTD in the cytosolic region.
T157 6431-6505 Sentence denotes The E protein bears an ectodomain in the NTD and an endodomain in the CTD.
T158 6506-6540 Sentence denotes It has also an ion channel domain.
T159 6541-6680 Sentence denotes E protein is present in the cytosolic region of infected cells and only a limited amount is incorporated into the envelope of virions [21].
T160 6681-6737 Sentence denotes Most E proteins assemble and bud in new virus particles.
T161 6739-6743 Sentence denotes 3.4.
T162 6744-6769 Sentence denotes Membrane Glycoprotein (M)
T163 6770-6868 Sentence denotes The M protein contains three TM domains and is an abundant structural protein with a MW of 30 kDa.
T164 6869-6971 Sentence denotes It consists of a small glycosylated NTD in the extracellular region and CTD in the cytoplasmic region.
T165 6972-7086 Sentence denotes The M protein forms a scaffold for virus assembly in the cytosol via binding to S glycoprotein and N protein [22].
T166 7087-7278 Sentence denotes For example, E protein and N protein are co-expressed with M protein to form virus-like particles (VLPs) that are released from the cells, as the M and E protein are involved in CoV assembly.
T167 7279-7404 Sentence denotes Then, CoVs bud into the ERGIC, trafficking by membrane vesicles and transported via the exocytosis-secretory pathway [23,24].
T168 7405-7544 Sentence denotes The dimeric M protein binds to the nucleocapsid.-M protein binds to S glycoprotein for S glycoprotein retention in the ERGIC/Golgi complex.
T169 7545-7744 Sentence denotes The M-N protein complex keeps the N protein–RNA complex stable, for nucleocapsid and the viral assembly.-M and E proteins constitute the virus envelope for successful release of virus-like particles.
T170 7746-7750 Sentence denotes 3.5.
T171 7751-7794 Sentence denotes Hemagglutinin-Esterase (HE) Dimeric Protein
T172 7795-7837 Sentence denotes HE hemagglutinates and destroys receptors.
T173 7838-7966 Sentence denotes As RNA viruses, CoVs bear RDEs, which are used in effective attachment to hosts and also reversely in detachment from the hosts.
T174 7967-8033 Sentence denotes For example, enveloped RNA viruses evade the hosts via their RDEs.
T175 8034-8138 Sentence denotes Currently, RDE-related functional enzymes such as neuraminidase (NA) and SA-O-acetyl-esterase are known.
T176 8139-8305 Sentence denotes SA-O-acetyl-esterase was originally identified in influenza C virus and in nidoviruses (CoV and torovirus) as well as in salmon anemia virus (teleost orthomyxovirus).
T177 8306-8391 Sentence denotes The origin and evolution of CoV SA-O-acetylesterases are correlated to other viruses.
T178 8392-8510 Sentence denotes The fusion event of S glycoprotein and HE is specific for HCoV attachment to SA-associated receptors in the host [25].
T179 8511-8551 Sentence denotes The HE has acetylesterase activity [26].
T180 8552-8661 Sentence denotes In early SA-related biology, influenza A/B viruses were found to recognize chicken erythrocytes in 1942 [27].
T181 8662-8737 Sentence denotes They caused hemagglutination through clumping by virus-borne hemagglutinin.
T182 8738-8851 Sentence denotes These phenomena were widely found in influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, Newcastle disease (NDV) and mumps virus.