Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T10 |
0-2 |
Sentence |
denotes |
1. |
T11 |
3-15 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Introduction |
T12 |
16-169 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Invasive fungal infections caused by various fungal genera, including Aspergillus, complicate and endanger lives of millions of individuals annually [1]. |
T13 |
170-520 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Aspergillus genera, most frequently Aspergillus fumigatus, are ubiquitous in the environment and cause a wide range of infections in humans, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), chronic rhinosinusitis, fungal asthma, and Aspergillus bronchitis [2,3]. |
T14 |
521-944 |
Sentence |
denotes |
IPA, the most severe manifestation of disease from Aspergillus, is associated with high mortality rates and is a prominent complication among those with profound immunosuppression, such as those undergoing hematopoietic transplantation, as well as those with structural lung damage who receive systemic corticosteroids for their underlying condition, such as patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) [2]. |
T15 |
945-1203 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Recently, it has been reported that a relatively high number of influenza patients presenting with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) also rapidly develop IPA, which is associated with increased duration of hospitalization and mortality [4,5]. |
T16 |
1204-1334 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Corticosteroid use and pulmonary epithelial damages caused by severe influenza are the main risk factors for developing IPA [4,5]. |
T17 |
1335-1491 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The recent global pandemic of coronavirus disease-19, also known as COVID-19, has infected over 6 million patients worldwide, with more than 360,000 deaths. |
T18 |
1492-1838 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It has been shown that up to 40% of COVID-19 hospitalized patients can develop ARDS [6], and thereby become susceptible to acquire co-infections caused by bacteria and also Aspergillus spp. [7,8], although frequency of co-infections seems to vary between centers and overall co-infections may occur less frequently than with severe influenza [9]. |
T19 |
1839-1968 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Once they occur, these superinfections are associated with high mortality rates and may prolong the acute phase of COVID-19 [10]. |
T20 |
1969-2189 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In this comprehensive review, we discuss various aspects of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), focusing specifically on immunology, risk factors, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and current challenges. |