LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7306567 / 27758-32058 JSONTXT 13 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T205 0-217 Sentence denotes Recent reports of IPA cases in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in the ICU raise the question of whether these IAPA definitions can be applied to COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) [58–60].
T206 218-424 Sentence denotes Although the number of CAPA cases that have been reported is still limited, two recent studies reported putative CAPA cases in 9 of 27 (33%) and 5 of 19 (26%) COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU [59, 60].
T207 425-639 Sentence denotes Although the high number of cases suggests a high risk of developing IPA in COVID-19 patients, there are a number of differences regarding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with influenza (Table 2).
T208 640-952 Sentence denotes In influenza patients, there are several factors that are thought to contribute to the risk of IAPA, including the local tissue damage caused by influenza, an immune modulatory effect by suppression of the NADPH oxidase complex and possible effect of treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors, such as oseltamivir.
T209 953-1098 Sentence denotes In SARS-CoV-2 infection, another receptor is used by the virus to enter human cells, which are not commonly found in the large airways (Table 2).
T210 1099-1196 Sentence denotes Thus, the risk of invasive Aspergillus tracheobronchitis may be lower in CAPA compared with IAPA.
T211 1197-1339 Sentence denotes In addition, there is no known direct immune modulatory effect of SARS-CoV-2, which suggests no virus infection-related increased risk of IPA.
T212 1340-1487 Sentence denotes While IAPA is characterized by rapidly fatal infections with high fungal burden, such course of disease progression has not been reported for CAPA.
T213 1488-1661 Sentence denotes On the contrary, eight of nine CAPA cases reported from a French cohort did not receive antifungal therapy, with a mortality rate similar to COVID-19 cases without IPA [59].
T214 1662-1867 Sentence denotes As, in contrast to IAPA cases, virtually all CAPA cases reported to date are serum GM negative, the question remains if COVID-19 patients develop invasive disease or just become colonized with Aspergillus.
T215 1868-2083 Sentence denotes It is possible that COVID-19 is in itself not a risk factor for IPA, but that the risk is associated with other risk factors related to treatment such as administration of corticosteroids or underlying host factors.
T216 2084-2244 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, the high rate of Aspergillus recovered from COVID-19 patients suggests that there might be conditions that favor growth of the fungus in the lung.
T217 2245-2498 Sentence denotes We think that the proposed IAPA case definitions may be considered for classification of CAPA patients, while awaiting further histopathological studies that provide more insight into the interaction between Aspergillus and the SARS-CoV-2-infected lung.
T218 2499-2558 Sentence denotes Table 2 Comparison between characteristics of IAPA and CAPA
T219 2559-2575 Sentence denotes Factor IAPA CAPA
T220 2576-2674 Sentence denotes Host/Risk 57% EORTC/MSGERC host factor negative [9] 85% EORTC/MSGERC host factor negative [59, 60]
T221 2675-2794 Sentence denotes IAPA associated with corticosteroid use [7] IPA developed in SARS-2003-infected patients receiving corticosteroids [61]
T222 2795-2897 Sentence denotes Lymphopenia and chemokine-producing monocyte-derived FCN1 + macrophages causing hyperinflammation [62]
T223 2898-3066 Sentence denotes Virus Cell entry through sialic acids-2,6Gal: epithelial layer in lung including larger airways [63] Cell entry through ACE2: type 2 pneumocytes and ciliated cells [64]
T224 3067-3269 Sentence denotes Immune modulation by suppression of the NADPH oxidase complex [65] No evidence for immunomodulatory effect on known antifungal host defense mechanisms, although this has not been extensively studied yet
T225 3270-3421 Sentence denotes Fungal infection Invasive Aspergillus tracheobronchitis in up to 55% of patients [7–9] Invasive Aspergillus tracheobronchitis not yet reported [59, 60]
T226 3422-3554 Sentence denotes Median time between ICU admission and IAPA diagnosis 2–3 days [7–9] Median time between ICU admission and CAPA diagnosis 6 days [59]
T227 3555-3685 Sentence denotes Aspergillus diagnostics BAL GM positive in > 88% [7–9] BAL GM commonly positive, diagnostic performance currently unknown [59, 60]
T228 3686-3778 Sentence denotes Serum GM positive in 65% [7–9] Serum GM positive in 3 of 14 (21%) COVID-19 patients [59, 60]
T229 3779-3978 Sentence denotes Secondary infections In 80 of 342 (23.4%) ICU patients, most frequent pathogens S. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus [66] In four of 13 (31%) ICU patients, pathogens not specified [67]
T230 3979-4300 Sentence denotes ICU mortality 45% in IAPA compared with 20% in influenza without IAPA (p < 0.0001) [9] 33% in CAPA cases compared with 17% in COVID-19 without CAPA (p = 0.4) [59] (although mortality rates due to COVID-19 without CAPA vary enormous between countries and we have no clear data yet on the true mortality in ICU of COVID-19)