| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T336 |
0-46 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Two-Dimensional Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) |
| T337 |
47-234 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Among the emerging materials, MXenes are particularly promising for the development of coatings that are capable of capturing and inactivating viruses for use on face masks and other PPE. |
| T338 |
235-349 |
Sentence |
denotes |
MXenes are hydrophilic and they carry high negative charge (zeta-potential in solution is between −30 and −80 mV). |
| T339 |
350-530 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As such, Ti3C2Tx MXene has been shown to adsorb amino acids strongly221 and may be able to bind strongly to viral spike peplomers and to immobilize the virus, thus deactivating it. |
| T340 |
531-587 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It performs analogously to a strong magnet for proteins. |
| T341 |
588-915 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Furthermore, MXenes have been shown to be photocatalytically active, meaning that once a virus is adsorbed onto the surface, it will be possible to apply light to degrade the adsorbate simultaneously.222−224 MXenes are among the most efficient light-to-heat converters due to their plasmon resonance in the visible or IR range. |
| T342 |
916-1113 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For example, Ti3C2Tx is excited by red light (780 nm plasmon resonance) and can be sterilized using a red/infrared lamp as well as solar light if the virus survives on the contact with the surface. |
| T343 |
1114-1641 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A wide variety of MXenes—including Ti3C2Tx, Ta4C3Tx, Nb2CTx, and others—are biocompatible.225−229 At the same time, some MXenes have shown antibacterial properties, likely due to the combination of their charge transfer ability and hydrophilicity.183,230,231 Furthermore, it has been shown that the most common and least expensive titanium carbide MXenes have no negative ecological or toxicological impact on the environment.232 Nanometer-thin coatings of single-layer MXene flakes on the exposed surfaces are worth exploring. |
| T344 |
1642-1861 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Other new materials, such as metal oxides or metal–organic frameworks, deserve attention and should be explored as antiviral materials, as well, because they are also capable of releasing disinfectants from their pores. |
| T345 |
1862-2220 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition to the known pulmonary findings, it is estimated that 30–40% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have evidence of kidney injury, and a significant percentage of those patients require renal replacement therapy (RRT) if their kidney function fails outright.233 Kidney injury is an important predictor of mortality among those infected with COVID-19. |
| T346 |
2221-2389 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Kidney function is essential to life: healthy kidneys filter the blood of harmful toxins, contribute to bone health, and maintain homeostasis of fluid and electrolytes. |
| T347 |
2390-2676 |
Sentence |
denotes |
When the kidneys fail, hemodialysis offers a life-sustaining therapy to prevent the buildup of uremic toxins that would otherwise result in death.234 To perform hemodialysis, the patient’s blood is passed through a filtration circuit that contains a semipermeable membrane (“dialyzer”). |
| T348 |
2677-2924 |
Sentence |
denotes |
On the other side of the membrane, a balanced fluid (“dialysate”) travels in the opposite direction to the patient’s blood, dragging toxins and excess electrolytes across the membrane from blood into dialysate across their concentration gradients. |
| T349 |
2925-3038 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The filtered blood is returned to the patient and the dialysate, once it passes through the filter, is discarded. |
| T350 |
3039-3293 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Novel efficient sorbents for uremic toxins are critically needed to improve the efficiency of current technology, as well as to enable the development of wearable and portable dialysis technologies that could be critical to the care of COVID-19 patients. |
| T351 |
3294-3392 |
Sentence |
denotes |
MXenes can regenerate dialysate by removing toxins that build up in the setting of kidney failure. |
| T352 |
3393-3909 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Preliminary research demonstrates that Ti3C2 MXene is biocompatible and selectively adsorbs urea, a uremic toxin that is otherwise difficult to eliminate from dialysate, due to the presence of narrow slit pores between the negatively charged MXene sheets.235 Thus, MXenes may be able to address key limitations of current ambulatory dialysis systems by offering efficient urea adsorption, small size, and light weight.235 Experts have posited that MXenes might be a key technology in revolutionizing RRT delivery.236 |
