LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7299399 / 55941-60310 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T220 0-134 Sentence denotes Silver, copper, and zinc show intrinsic antimicrobial properties and are already used in medical equipment and in healthcare settings.
T221 135-221 Sentence denotes For instance, Ag is used in wound dressing and in urinary and intravascular catheters.
T222 222-541 Sentence denotes It is advantageous to use NPs composed of these metals rather than bulk materials or the metal ions themselves because NPs release the toxic metal ions slowly and progressively right where the antimicrobial action is needed and because NPs can accumulate within cells without being expelled by specialized efflux pumps.
T223 542-747 Sentence denotes The antimicrobial property of Ag has been used since ancient times for medical applications154 and more recently in commercial products such as silver zeolites in paints155 and in food trays156 as biocide.
T224 748-1080 Sentence denotes The antiviral efficiency of Ag NPs has been demonstrated in a variety of viruses, including HIV-1,157 monkeypox virus,158 bacteriophages UZ1 and MS2,159,160 murine norovirus MNV1,159,160 HSV,161 HBV,162 and, recently, in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).163Antiviral properties of Ag NPs arise from three different mechanisms.
T225 1081-1220 Sentence denotes First, Ag(0) NPs dissolve and release some toxic Ag(I) forms (including Ag+ ions), which could be responsible for their antiviral activity.
T226 1221-1442 Sentence denotes As a soft metal, Ag shows strong affinity toward sulfur, and therefore, it interacts strongly with thiols from small molecules such as cysteine or glutathione or with sulfhydryl groups in the active sites of many enzymes.
T227 1443-1645 Sentence denotes Ag(I) may interact with surface proteins of viruses or accumulate in host cells and further interact with thiol-containing enzymes that are involved in virus replication, thus hampering their functions.
T228 1646-2146 Sentence denotes This hypothesis was proposed by Zodrow et al. to explain the antiviral property of Ag NPs for bacteriophage MS2 and by De Gusseme et al. in response to MNV-1 exposed to Ag NPs.159,164 Moreover, Ag2S nanoclusters (NCs) with diameters of 2.5 and 4 nm showed effective inhibition of PEDV replication in Vero cells via inhibition of the synthesis of viral negative-strand RNA and of virus budding from the cells, but not by preventing their anchorage on cell membranes or their intracellular penetration.
T229 2147-2529 Sentence denotes Exposing cells to Ag+ ions at the same concentration did not inhibit virus replication, which led the authors to conclude that the antiviral property of Ag NCs was independent of the release of Ag(I).163 However, the mechanisms by which Ag+ ions and Ag NCs enter into cells are different and, consequently, their local distribution and handling within cells would also be different.
T230 2530-2659 Sentence denotes This difference could lead to different modes of toxic action for Ag ions and Ag NCs toward the viruses that have infected cells.
T231 2660-2970 Sentence denotes For instance, Ag NCs may aggregate in intracellular areas where vital steps of the viral cycle are performed, such as protein or genome production or assembly of nucleocapsids before their release into the extracellular space, whereas Ag(I) could aggregate in other areas of the cells or be rapidly eliminated.
T232 2971-3167 Sentence denotes Second, the antiviral efficiency of Ag NPs would derive from physical interaction of Ag NPs with the surface of viruses, which would impede their docking on host cells and limit their infectivity.
T233 3168-3518 Sentence denotes This mechanism was demonstrated by Elechiguerra et al. for HIV-1 exposed to 1–10 nm Ag NPs157 and by Orlowski et al. for HSV-2 exposed to 13, 33, and 46 nm Ag NPs coated with tannic acid.161 Elechiguerra et al. found that the optimal size of Ag NPs was around 10 nm, with larger or smaller NP sizes showing weaker physical interaction with the virus.
T234 3519-3647 Sentence denotes In contrast, Orlowski et al. found that the larger the NP, the more effective its blocking was of virus attachment to host cell.
T235 3648-4030 Sentence denotes The same mechanism, combined with the release of Ag(I), was also proposed by De Gusseme et al. to explain the reduced infectivity of MNV-1 virus when exposed to 11.2 nm biogenic Ag NPs.159 Finally, this docking of Ag NPs on the surface of viruses could be associated with the local release of ROS from the Ag NP surface, which would damage the envelope and/or membrane of the virus.
T236 4031-4249 Sentence denotes Ag NPs are already used in wound dressings, catheters and other medical equipment; their use could also be envisaged to confer biocidal properties to paints used in healthcare settings, or to air filters or face masks.
T237 4250-4369 Sentence denotes Ag NPs loaded on filters show effective antiviral activity against bacteriophage MS2, which drops with dust loading.165