| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T133 |
0-39 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Photodynamic Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 |
| T134 |
40-181 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition to drug- and vaccine-based antiviral strategies, photodynamic therapy (PDT) stands as a unique approach to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. |
| T135 |
182-505 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Using a light-based method, PDT attacks target cells via the excitation of photosensitive agents, called photosensitizers (PSs), with radiation characterized by a wavelength corresponding to its absorption spectrum to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of oxygen, which ultimately results in cell death. |
| T136 |
506-1099 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Photodynamic therapy is primarily used for the clinical treatment of various oncological disorders.105 It was not until the 1970s that PDT was first used clinically against viruses,106 exploiting ROS production to damage virus proteins, nucleic acids, and—if present—lipids.107 Even though there are research efforts for PDT-based virotherapies against different viruses, including herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, and human immunodeficiency virus,106−109 clinical use of PDT is limited due to hydrophobicity of PSs, poor target specificity, and limited tissue penetration ability. |
| T137 |
1100-1468 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Most PSs are hydrophobic and aggregate in aqueous solutions, affecting their photochemical and photobiological properties.106,110 For this reason, Lim et al. have proposed a promising approach for photodynamic inactivation of viruses with NPs, developing sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) upconversion NPs (UCNs) with zinc phthalocyanine PSs grafted onto their surfaces. |
| T138 |
1469-1592 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Unlike most PSs, these UCNs are coated with polyethylenimine (PEI), which render them hydrophilic and easier to manipulate. |
| T139 |
1593-1934 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These UCNs showed antiviral activity against Dengue virus serotype 2 and adenovirus type 5, which were used as models of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, respectively.110 MXenes111,112 are a large family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides,113 and carbonitrides114 that exhibit unique electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. |
| T140 |
1935-2276 |
Sentence |
denotes |
They have the general formula Mn+1XnTx, where M is an early transition metal (Ti, Zr, V, Mo, etc.), X is C and/or N, Tx represents the surface functional groups (=O, −OH, −F, −Cl), and n = 1–4.115,116 Some examples include Ti3C2Tx, V2CTx, and Nb2CTx, with over 30 stoichiometric compositions already synthesized with more than 100 predicted. |
| T141 |
2277-2524 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Biocompatible MXenes, such as Ti3C2Tx, are hydrophilic and are among the most efficient light-to-heat transforming materials.117 The plasmon resonance extinction maxima of Ti3C2Tx is at 780 nm, enabling the use of near-infrared (IR) light for PDT. |
| T142 |
2525-2663 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Several other MXenes have absorption maxima in the IR range and have shown outstanding performance in PDT and theranostic applications.118 |
| T143 |
2664-3335 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fullerene and graphene are also good candidates for virus inactivation by PDT and have proved to be effective against Semliki Forest virus (SFV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), HSV-1, HIV-1, mosquito iridovirus (MIV), and influenza A virus (IAV), as well as the phage MS2.107 In addition, several 2D nanomaterials, including graphene-based materials, MXenes, black phosphorus, graphitic carbon nitride, tungsten disulfide, and molybdenum disulfide, have been reported to improve the efficacy of PDT considerably for cancer treatment.56,57 Therefore, determining if such nanomaterial-based PDT protocols could be exploited to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 is of great interest. |
