LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7294857 / 5296-29293 JSONTXT 13 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T40 0-6 Sentence denotes Review
T41 7-14 Sentence denotes Methods
T42 15-32 Sentence denotes Research Strategy
T43 33-151 Sentence denotes We conducted this research to analyze and review the clinical and pathological findings in COVID-19 affected patients.
T44 152-253 Sentence denotes We used Pubmed and Google Scholar as our primary database research engines to find the relevant data.
T45 254-381 Sentence denotes Keywords used were novel coronavirus, COVID-19, pathological findings, antivirals, treatment, management, and passive immunity.
T46 382-421 Sentence denotes MeSH keyword coronavirus was also used.
T47 422-451 Sentence denotes Inclusion/Exclusion criteria 
T48 452-554 Sentence denotes We included papers from the past 5 years, they were mostly peer-reviewed, and full-text was available.
T49 555-654 Sentence denotes All selected articles were in the English language, and no geographical boundaries were considered.
T50 655-662 Sentence denotes Results
T51 663-756 Sentence denotes We extracted 1683 (PubMed), and 56400 (Google scholar) researches using the keyword COVID-19.
T52 757-926 Sentence denotes A combination of keywords coronavirus and pathological findings gave 1139 PubMed, and 22300 google scholar articles, and COVID-19 and treatment gave 385 PubMed articles.
T53 927-986 Sentence denotes COVID-19 and management gave 167 published research papers.
T54 987-1043 Sentence denotes COVID19 and antivirals gave thirty-five PubMed articles.
T55 1044-1106 Sentence denotes Lastly, COVID-19 and passive immunization yielded 287 results.
T56 1107-1191 Sentence denotes Out of these results, a total of forty articles relevant to our topic were selected.
T57 1192-1324 Sentence denotes After applying the inclusion-exclusion criteria and removing the duplications, we finally got twenty-nine papers that were reviewed.
T58 1325-1511 Sentence denotes Among the selected papers, there were no clinical trials, most of the relevant papers were case reports which showed the clinical features and the effects of tried medical interventions.
T59 1512-1608 Sentence denotes Some of them were simple recommendations and guidelines about how the patient should be managed.
T60 1609-1732 Sentence denotes Three of these studies showed that a combination of lopinavir/Ritonavir combination was effective in decreasing viral load.
T61 1733-1863 Sentence denotes Five studies argued that convalescent plasma showed promising results but most of these studies were not of high-quality evidence.
T62 1864-2061 Sentence denotes Three other papers discussed the role of remdesivir, and five studies discussed the role of chloroquine in these patients which showed some positive effects however its safety profile is not clear.
T63 2062-2097 Sentence denotes Table 1 shows the studies included.
T64 2098-2149 Sentence denotes Table 1 Some of the studies included in the review
T65 2150-2191 Sentence denotes ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
T66 2192-2198 Sentence denotes [9-13]
T67 2199-2281 Sentence denotes Author, Year of study Type of the study Purpose of the study Result/ Conclusion
T68 2282-2518 Sentence denotes Li T (2020) Recommendation To give comprehensive recommendations about Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona-virus 2 (COVID-19).   A combination of anti-virals Lopinavir/Ritonavir is useful in some cases and can be used as needed.
T69 2519-2682 Sentence denotes When a patient develops ARDS, A protective ventilation strategy should be used, and when it is severe, the authors recommended extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
T70 2683-3056 Sentence denotes Arabi et al. (2020) Review article This review summarized the knowledge about management of adult acute respiratory infections and community-acquired viral pneumonia patients that needed ICU.   More research and studies are needed to test different antiviral therapies both alone and in combination, to find the best option in patients who develop serious complications.
T71 3057-3280 Sentence denotes Lu H. (2020) Review article This study reviewed the literature to identify which drug can be a suitable option in COVID -19 infection There are no specific antiviral drugs available and no vaccines for novel coronavirus.
T72 3281-3361 Sentence denotes Based on previous experience with SARS and MERS, some antivirals are being used.
T73 3362-3409 Sentence denotes However, their safety is yet to be established.
T74 3410-3465 Sentence denotes The mainstay of treatment still is symptomatic support.
T75 3466-3788 Sentence denotes Lim et al. (2020) Case Report This case report reviewed the clinical findings and management in one of the patients of COVID-19, who was the first case of the tertiary spread of the virus out of China.   COVID-19 symptoms can be mild, and the patient may recover when the symptoms are mild but can transmit the disease.
T76 3789-3917 Sentence denotes Lopinavir/Ritonavir combination reduced viral load and improved symptoms, so this combination can be used in high-risk patients.
T77 3918-3997 Sentence denotes However, more clinical evidence is needed to establish its safety and efficacy.
T78 3998-4282 Sentence denotes Wang, Chao, et al. (2020) Case series Four patients with mild or severe COVID-19 improved after using lopinavir/ritonavir combination.   Three out of four patients improved clinically, especially their pneumonia-related symptoms, whereas others also showed significant improvement.
T79 4283-4345 Sentence denotes More studies, however, are needed to establish their efficacy.
T80 4346-4356 Sentence denotes Discussion
T81 4357-4377 Sentence denotes Patient Presentation
T82 4378-4506 Sentence denotes COVID-19 may have produced intense effects worldwide due to rapid transmission and the fact that almost everyone is susceptible.
T83 4507-4596 Sentence denotes Still, mostly the disease is mild, especially in children and immunocompetent adults [6].
T84 4597-4721 Sentence denotes A research paper written by Jin YH et al. divided different groups of exposed individuals under various categories of cases.
T85 4722-5171 Sentence denotes These included the suspected cases (with two early clinical manifestations and an epidemiological risk), confirmed cases (with a positive RT-PCR result), close contacts (with contact history to a confirmed case of novel coronavirus without protection), clustered cases (one confirmed case + many cases showing symptoms in a small area within 14 days) and suspicious exposure [exposure to the contaminated environment without adequate protection [6].
T86 5172-5296 Sentence denotes This classification made it easy for a health professional to know what type of patient one is and how he should be managed.
T87 5297-5400 Sentence denotes A patient may present with clinical features of the disease depending upon the severity of the disease.
T88 5401-5458 Sentence denotes The different degrees are mild, severe, and critical [2].
T89 5459-5538 Sentence denotes Table 2 shows the clinical features of patients with varying degree of disease.
T90 5539-5610 Sentence denotes Table 2 Clinical features of patients with a varying degree of disease
T91 5611-5659 Sentence denotes Mild disease Severe disease  Critical disease 
T92 5660-5697 Sentence denotes Dry Cough Fever Respiratory failure
T93 5698-5721 Sentence denotes Fever Tachypnea Fever
T94 5722-5777 Sentence denotes Sour throat Dyspnea Decreases blood oxygen saturation
T95 5778-5827 Sentence denotes With or without nasal congestion   Septic shock
T96 5828-5877 Sentence denotes Generalized body aches   Multiple organ failure
T97 5878-5892 Sentence denotes Headache    
T98 5893-6071 Sentence denotes Malaise and fatigue     Patients with mild disease presented with dry cough, fever, sore throat, with or without nasal congestion, generalized body ache, headache, and fatigue.
T99 6072-6128 Sentence denotes In severe form, the symptoms were tachypnea and dyspnea.
T100 6129-6411 Sentence denotes In critical cases, patients complained of respiratory failure (severe dyspnea, respiratory distress >30/min, tachypnea and hypoxia), fever, decreased blood oxygen saturation of less than or equal to 93%, lung filtrates, shock, and multiple organ dysfunctions or even failure [2,14].
T101 6412-6582 Sentence denotes Research also showed that in severe conditions, patients showed signs of weakened breath sound, moist rales, dull percussion, and a decrease in tactile speech tremor [6].
T102 6583-6689 Sentence denotes The disease causes not only respiratory symptoms but also gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea [15].
T103 6690-6854 Sentence denotes Laboratory complete blood count tests may show normal or reduced white blood cell count or reduced lymphocyte count in the early stages of the disease onset [6,15].
T104 6855-6914 Sentence denotes Patients also show elevated C-reactive protein levels [16].
T105 6915-7028 Sentence denotes Researchers from China studied the effect of infection on pregnant women suffering from COVID-19 on the neonates.
T106 7029-7256 Sentence denotes The study showed that the women that were confirmed cases during the prenatal stage had problems like premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine distress, abnormal amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and position of the placenta.
T107 7257-7404 Sentence denotes The neonates born also presented with shortness of breath, fever, tachycardia, vomiting, inability to take proper feed, diarrhea, and bloating [5].
T108 7405-7497 Sentence denotes The complications are mostly seen in patients with an underlying chronic illness or are old.
T109 7498-7620 Sentence denotes Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), RNAemia, acute cardiac injury, and secondary infection.
T110 7621-7708 Sentence denotes The patients with complications were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) [15-16].
T111 7709-7838 Sentence denotes These clinical features indicate that the absence of these symptoms in an individual does not rule out the diagnosis of COVID-19.
T112 7839-8028 Sentence denotes If a person has a history of exposure to the virus regardless of the symptoms that he shows, he should be kept under medical observation, isolated from others, and examined thoroughly [16].
T113 8029-8245 Sentence denotes The diagnosis should be made on history, examination, symptoms, and certain investigations that are necessary and gold standard in virus detection (RT-PCR, CT scan, POCT of IgG and IgM, ELISA, and blood culture) [4].
T114 8246-8486 Sentence denotes According to the reviewed data, patients had similar presenting features and progression of the disease with some minor differences according to the individual immune status of the subject and how they were treated in their health settings.
T115 8487-8626 Sentence denotes The majority recovers without complications;deaths involve the high-risk group like the geriatric age group or persons with co-morbidities.
T116 8627-8729 Sentence denotes The consistent findings were fever, dry cough, sore throat, myalgia, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
T117 8730-8862 Sentence denotes The distinct findings in different cases were tactile speech tremor, GI symptoms, hemoptysis, ARDS, and septic shock [2,6,15,17-18].
T118 8863-8922 Sentence denotes Pathological and Radiological Findings In COVID-19 Patients
T119 8923-8945 Sentence denotes Radiological findings:
T120 8946-9105 Sentence denotes A case review series by Lin X et al. showed that both patients had ground-glass opacities on CT scans, which later progressed to patchy consolidation of lungs.
T121 9106-9185 Sentence denotes The lesions were mostly distributed along the subpleural regions in both lungs.
T122 9186-9278 Sentence denotes No pleural effusion or lymphadenopathy was observed in subjects included in this study [19].
T123 9279-9442 Sentence denotes Another case report by Shi F et al. showed that in this subject initially, ground-glass opacities were seen on CT scan, which later on progressed to consolidation.
T124 9443-9555 Sentence denotes On the 18th day, the patient had increased consolidation, and the patient showed diffuse haziness in both lungs.
T125 9556-9644 Sentence denotes Other findings were bat wing appearance, crazy paving pattern, and air-bronchogram sign.
T126 9645-9712 Sentence denotes The lesions involved the peripheral regions of both the lungs [17].
T127 9713-9822 Sentence denotes Another study conducted by Xu X et al., which included 90 patients out of which 39 were males and 51 females.
T128 9823-9867 Sentence denotes The median age of the patients was 50 years.
T129 9868-9978 Sentence denotes More than 50% of the patients had bilateral multifocal lesions in their lungs distributed along the periphery.
T130 9979-10187 Sentence denotes Pneumonia in these patients presented with ground-glass opacities in 72%, consolidations in 13%, crazy paving pattern in 12%, interlobular thickening in 56% and adjacent pleural thickening in 56% of patients.
T131 10188-10265 Sentence denotes Twenty-three percent of the patients did not show any of these findings [16].
T132 10266-10317 Sentence denotes Figure 1 summarizes the findings of this research. 
T133 10318-10394 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Pathological findings of patients as per study done by Xu X et al.
T134 10395-10508 Sentence denotes Uncommon findings were pleural effusion, thoracic lymphadenopathy, pulmonary emphysema, and pericardial effusion.
T135 10509-10667 Sentence denotes CT scan of 52 patients was redone after six days, 19% of them showed no changes in CT scan while 4% had resolution of the disease, and 73% showed progression.
T136 10668-10801 Sentence denotes 6% of the patients who didn’t have any characteristic findings on a previous CT scan developed bilateral ground-glass opacities [16].
T137 10802-10904 Sentence denotes Another study carried out by Albarello F, et al. based on two cases showed somewhat uncommon findings.
T138 10905-11068 Sentence denotes The chest X-ray of the two patients showed interstitial involvement, lung opacities, pleural effusion and calcification, hilar enlargement, and cardiac silhouette.
T139 11069-11152 Sentence denotes Their CT findings were typical ones like ground-glass opacities with consolidation.
T140 11153-11290 Sentence denotes Some uncommon findings like pleural effusion, calcifications, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pericardial effusions were also seen [20].
T141 11291-11443 Sentence denotes A study carried out by Pan F et al. showed the different phases of recovery in patients, excluding the patients who developed ARDS and severe pneumonia.
T142 11444-11520 Sentence denotes The study included a total of 21 patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis.
T143 11521-11608 Sentence denotes The study showed there are four stages in the disease progression based on CT findings.
T144 11609-11773 Sentence denotes Early-stage (0-4 days after the onset of initial symptoms) of the disease showed unilateral or bilateral ground-glass opacities, mostly in the lower lobes of lungs.
T145 11774-11930 Sentence denotes Progressive stage (5-8 days after the onset of initial symptoms) in this stage ground-glass opacities progressed to crazy paving patterns and consolidation.
T146 11931-12081 Sentence denotes Peak stage (9-13 days after the onset of initial symptoms) consolidations became denser and more prevalent, and there were residual parenchymal bands.
T147 12082-12293 Sentence denotes Absorption Stage (14 or more days after the onset of initial symptoms) consolidation gradually absorbed, there was no crazy paving pattern observed, but extensive ground-glass opacities were still observed [21].
T148 12294-12346 Sentence denotes Figure 2 shows the CT findings in COVID-19 patients.
T149 12347-12404 Sentence denotes Figure 2 Progression of CT findings in COVID-19 patients
T150 12405-12599 Sentence denotes CT, computed tomography Based on the studies reviewed, the findings on the CT scan of COVID-19 patients are ground-glass opacities, consolidation, crazy paving pattern, and air bronchogram sign.
T151 12600-12719 Sentence denotes These findings are consistent with the majority of the patients, and these are the characteristic findings of COVID-19.
T152 12720-12898 Sentence denotes In some patients, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion, pulmonary emphysema, and pericardial effusion are seen and are mostly in older patients and the high-risk groups.
T153 12899-13022 Sentence denotes CT scan findings of COVID-19 patients are also helpful in determining the severity of disease and the stage of the disease.
T154 13023-13147 Sentence denotes Also, in the areas where they have limited testing services, CT scan findings can be used as a diagnostic tool for COVID-19.
T155 13148-13345 Sentence denotes There is a specific pattern in which these findings present at the initial stages of the infection, ground-glass opacities are frequently bilateral and present in the lower lobes and the periphery.
T156 13346-13517 Sentence denotes They may then progress to develop consolidation and crazy paving patterns. Consolidation will start becoming denser, and parenchymal bands will appear, followed by a peak.
T157 13518-13619 Sentence denotes In most cases, consolidation starts resolving, and the CT scan becomes normal again within two weeks.
T158 13620-13695 Sentence denotes Therefore, a CT scan can be used to monitor the progression of the disease.
T159 13696-13718 Sentence denotes Pathological Findings:
T160 13719-13820 Sentence denotes A study conducted by Luo W, et al. based on the autopsy findings of the patient who died of COVID-19.
T161 13821-13984 Sentence denotes On gross examination of the lungs, the surface appears diffusely congested, hemorrhagic necrosis was evident and was more marked in the outer regions of the lungs.
T162 13985-14047 Sentence denotes Mucinous and hemorrhagic exudates were present in the bronchi.
T163 14048-14147 Sentence denotes On histopathology, extensive pulmonary interstitial fibrosis with hyaline degeneration was evident.
T164 14148-14190 Sentence denotes There were signs of a hemorrhagic infarct.
T165 14191-14349 Sentence denotes Small vessels showed severe congestion, thickening of walls and occlusion or stenosis of the blood vessel; lumen and microthrombi were present in the vessels.
T166 14350-14422 Sentence denotes Focal infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages was marked.
T167 14423-14468 Sentence denotes There was marked necrosis of bronchial walls.
T168 14469-14570 Sentence denotes Mainly type 2 pneumocytes were affected, and various metaplastic changes of epithelium were observed.
T169 14571-14660 Sentence denotes Multinucleated giant cells and intracytoplasmic viral inclusions were also observed [22].
T170 14661-14847 Sentence denotes Another study conducted by Xu Z et al. based on the biopsy samples taken from the deceased COVID-19 patient showed diffuse alveolar damage bilaterally with cellular fibromyxoid exudates.
T171 14848-14948 Sentence denotes There was the formation of the hyaline membrane and interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells.
T172 14949-15092 Sentence denotes Pneumocytes were atypically enlarged, having large nuclei, granular cytoplasm, and prominent nucleoli showing the viral cytopathic change [18].
T173 15093-15259 Sentence denotes Another study conducted by Zhang H et al. based on the biopsy findings of deceased COVID-19 patients showed diffuse alveolar damage and type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia.
T174 15260-15343 Sentence denotes Fibrinous exudates were seen in the alveoli, and interstitial fibrosis was evident.
T175 15344-15415 Sentence denotes Interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells was also observed [23].
T176 15416-15580 Sentence denotes Based on the studies reviewed, on gross examination, lungs were markedly congested, and hemorrhagic necrosis was seen, and several exudates were present in bronchi.
T177 15581-15710 Sentence denotes On the other hand, characteristic histopathological findings were severe pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, hemorrhagic infarction.
T178 15711-15817 Sentence denotes Small vessels were mainly affected, and they showed signs of congestion and were occluded by microthrombi.
T179 15818-15941 Sentence denotes Type 2 pneumocytes were the primary cells that affected their nuclei were atypically enlarged, and nucleoli were prominent.
T180 15942-15988 Sentence denotes Metaplastic change in the epithelium was seen.
T181 15989-16119 Sentence denotes Infiltration of inflammatory cells i-e lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages were marked, showing a severe inflammatory reaction.
T182 16120-16245 Sentence denotes Multinucleated giant cells were also seen, and some studies also suggested the presence of intracytoplasmic viral inclusions.
T183 16246-16281 Sentence denotes Prevention and Treatmentof COVID-19
T184 16282-16352 Sentence denotes Several options are in use and proposed to prevent COVID-19 infection.
T185 16353-16500 Sentence denotes Some are simple preventive measures suggested to the general public, like frequent hand washing, social distancing, self-isolating if feeling sick.
T186 16501-16657 Sentence denotes These measures proved to be effective in flattening the curve of COVID-19 infection and keeping the total cases within the healthcare system’s capabilities.
T187 16658-16810 Sentence denotes It is proposed that any person who is exposed to the confirmed case of COVID-19 or is suspected of having these symptoms should practice self-isolation.
T188 16811-17002 Sentence denotes This will prevent passing the virus to other healthy and vulnerable individuals; however, once they develop symptoms like fever or cough, it is advisable to consult a physician to get tested.
T189 17003-17273 Sentence denotes For mild symptoms the advice is different in different geographical regions, some advise the COVID-19-positive individuals with mild symptoms to quarantine at home, practice self-isolation, keep a check on their symptoms along with symptomatic measures like antipyretic.
T190 17274-17448 Sentence denotes Whereas in some regions where the healthcare system is not overwhelmed, they are being held in quarantine under supervision until they test negative to avoid it’s spread [9].
T191 17449-17554 Sentence denotes For moderate to severe symptoms, however, the patients are shifted to the hospital and are managed there.
T192 17555-17703 Sentence denotes Some of the patients do progress to severe form of the disease or ARDS and multi-organ failure and then need ICU care and other supportive measures.
T193 17704-17820 Sentence denotes Several factors cause the progression of the disease from mild symptoms to severe and poor prognosis of the disease.
T194 17821-17938 Sentence denotes One of these factors is old age, where comorbidities and polypharmacy make them vulnerable and worsen their symptoms.
T195 17939-18112 Sentence denotes Other factors include co-morbidities and status of the existing disease like increased d-dimer levels and high sepsis-related organ assessment score (SOFA score) for sepsis.
T196 18113-18299 Sentence denotes Although there is no definitive treatment available when the patient does develop symptoms, he is managed using one of the proposed treatment options along with other supportive options.
T197 18300-18423 Sentence denotes These proposed treatment options are based on the previous epidemics because of other coronaviruses like SARS and MERS CoV.
T198 18424-18461 Sentence denotes Figure 3 shows some of those options.
T199 18462-18514 Sentence denotes Figure 3 Treatment options for COVID-19 Antivirals:
T200 18515-18591 Sentence denotes One of the mainstays of treatment remains antivirals in any viral infection.
T201 18592-18733 Sentence denotes Among antivirals are the neuraminidase inhibitors which worked in SARS and MERS, Oseltamivir is one of those and is a widely used anti-viral.
T202 18734-18863 Sentence denotes Arabi et al. found zanamivir and Panamivir to be as effective as oseltamivir in patients with influenza and H1N1 infections [10].
T203 18864-18935 Sentence denotes However, these anti-virals are not that effective in COVID-19 patients.
T204 18936-19111 Sentence denotes Although there is not enough evidence to support their effectiveness in this latest outbreak, the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir is found to be effective in some patients.
T205 19112-19262 Sentence denotes A case report by Lim et al. showed that the combination of lopinavir and ritonavir significantly reduced the viral load in a 54-year-old patient [12].
T206 19263-19490 Sentence denotes Another case series by Wang Z et al. showed the results of this combination in four patients where severe pneumonia and respiratory symptoms significantly improved, and one patient tested negative and was discharged later [24].
T207 19491-19666 Sentence denotes Remdesivir, another broad-spectrum antiviral, is being used in these patients to find potential treatment and is among the ones that are relatively effective in COVID-19 [11].
T208 19667-19796 Sentence denotes Elfiky showed in a study that Sofosbuvir, Remdesivir, and Ribavirin showed that they could help manage and treat this virus [25].
T209 19797-19812 Sentence denotes Antibacterials:
T210 19813-20041 Sentence denotes Superimposed bacterial infections are common in patients with viral pneumonia, and use of antibacterial medications alongside as prophylaxis in moderate to severe infections or wherever there is suspected superimposed infection.
T211 20042-20160 Sentence denotes It is, however, recommended to avoid a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics or their blind administration [6, 9].
T212 20161-20325 Sentence denotes The antibiotic treatment recommended for community-acquired pneumonia, like Azithromycin, fluoroquinolones can be administered to cover common bacterial pathogens. 
T213 20326-20349 Sentence denotes Immune modulator drugs:
T214 20350-20604 Sentence denotes Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, the immune modulator drugs used as antimalarials, and as a DMARD in Rheumatoid Arthritis and also in autoimmune diseases like Lupus were found effective in SARS infection and so were tried in COVID-19 patients as well.
T215 20605-20654 Sentence denotes They also act as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.
T216 20655-20768 Sentence denotes Several clinical trials are in progress throughout the world to assess its efficacy and safety in these patients.
T217 20769-20998 Sentence denotes An in-vitro study testing the efficacy of broad-spectrum anti-virals like remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin penciclovir, and chloroquine showed that chloroquine and remdesivir were effective against COVID-19 virus in-vitro [13].
T218 20999-21280 Sentence denotes Another study involving 100 patients by Gao et al. also showed similar results; it showed an increased efficacy of chloroquine in preventing symptom exacerbation, preventing progression to severe pneumonia, and improving radiological findings without any serious side effects [26].
T219 21281-21430 Sentence denotes Chloroquine has both anti-viral and immune-modulating properties, which increase its effectiveness in stopping the viral replication in vivo [13,26].
T220 21431-21592 Sentence denotes Chloroquine, however, is associated with some uncommon but serious side-effects like QT interval prolongation, which may be severely harmful in cardiac patients.
T221 21593-21691 Sentence denotes Therefore, more clinical trials are needed to assess its safety profile in this group of patients.
T222 21692-21737 Sentence denotes Convalescent plasma and passive immunization:
T223 21738-21845 Sentence denotes Convalescent plasma has already been in use for some diseases; it was also effective in MERS-CoV infection.
T224 21846-21980 Sentence denotes Its safety and efficacy were tested by Arabi et al. and showed that it could be used as a potential treatment option in COVID-19 [27].
T225 21981-22243 Sentence denotes The WHO recently recommended its use as passive immunization in all serious patients because of the unavailability of active immunization in the form of vaccines [27].The plasma of recovered patients was used in different patients and had shown positive effects.
T226 22244-22394 Sentence denotes A case review series by Shen et al. discussed five critically ill patients having COVID-19 with ARDS who were given antibody-rich convalescent plasma.
T227 22395-22553 Sentence denotes They showed significant improvement in clinical status, their SOFA score improved, temperature improved, and they also were weaned off from a ventilator [28].
T228 22554-22656 Sentence denotes The results, however, cannot be considered as significantly reliable because of the small sample size.
T229 22657-22826 Sentence denotes Another case study showed significant improvement in symptoms and a decrease in viremia and viral load in seven out of 10 patients without any serious side effects [29].
T230 22827-22944 Sentence denotes Despite the positive results and considering that most of the studies had weak evidence, it can help manage patients.
T231 22945-23072 Sentence denotes Still, more studies are needed to assess its potential serious side-effects like transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).
T232 23073-23094 Sentence denotes Supportive treatment:
T233 23095-23207 Sentence denotes Supportive treatment like oxygen therapy via mask is used if patients develop shortness of breath and hypoxemia.
T234 23208-23295 Sentence denotes In the case of resistant hypoxemia, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used.
T235 23296-23518 Sentence denotes Patients with severe respiratory Distress may need ventilator support. Corticosteroids may be used as a supportive therapy, but its use and efficacy are controversial as they may make patients more prone to infections [9].
T236 23519-23530 Sentence denotes Limitations
T237 23531-23581 Sentence denotes Most of the clinical trials are currently ongoing.
T238 23582-23671 Sentence denotes Most of them involved fewer patients, which makes it difficult to make valid conclusions.
T239 23672-23761 Sentence denotes Only the papers that were published in the English language were selected for our review.
T240 23762-23940 Sentence denotes Most of the interventions are under trial; therefore, not much data was available about their safety in this population, and thus conclusions were hard to draw and are not valid.
T241 23941-23997 Sentence denotes A detailed quality appraisal of the papers was not done.