LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7283670 / 8089-16812 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T68 0-15 Sentence denotes 2 PATHOGENESIS
T69 16-134 Sentence denotes Initially, the virus interacts with sensitive human cells that exhibit distinct receptors for the viral Spike protein.
T70 135-379 Sentence denotes After making a successful entry, the RNA‐based genome starts replicating itself, and expressing specific sequences that results in production of useful accessory proteins; facilitating the adaptation of CoV to its human host (ViralZone., 2019).
T71 380-608 Sentence denotes Alterations in genetic make‐up that result from recombination, exchange, insertion, or deletion of genes, are frequently reported among CoVs; a phenomenon that might have played a part in the past epidemics (Sahin et al., 2020).
T72 609-677 Sentence denotes Therefore, the classification of CoVs is continuously being changed.
T73 678-879 Sentence denotes Based on the most recent classification provided by The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, there are four genera of CoVs, that comprise a total of 38 unique species (Subissi et al., 2014).
T74 880-955 Sentence denotes Thus, variable mechanisms could be involved in the process of pathogenesis.
T75 956-1029 Sentence denotes For instance, SARS‐CoV binds to angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
T76 1030-1180 Sentence denotes On the other hand, MERS‐CoV is more inclined to attach the cellular receptor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (Lambeir, Durinx, Scharpé, & De Meester, 2003).
T77 1181-1290 Sentence denotes Following a cascade of signals after binding, the viral genome is successfully injected into the target cell.
T78 1291-1418 Sentence denotes The genomic RNA that regulates the expression of structural and nonstructural polyproteins, is polyadenylated and encapsulated.
T79 1419-1552 Sentence denotes These proteins are then cleaved by certain proteases that exhibit chymotrypsin‐like activity (Lambeir et al., 2003; ViralZone, 2019).
T80 1553-1677 Sentence denotes Through replication and transcription, the resulting protein complex drives the production of negative‐sense RNA or (−) RNA.
T81 1678-1854 Sentence denotes Full‐length (−)RNAs produced by replication are ultimately used as templates for generation of positive‐sense RNA or (+) RNA (Luk, Li, Fung, Lau, & Woo, 2019; ViralZone, 2019).
T82 1855-1994 Sentence denotes All of the structural proteins are then translated from a subset of 7–9 subgenomic RNAs, which are products of discontinuous transcription.
T83 1995-2221 Sentence denotes The resulting protein complex is the assembled together to envelope the viral genome, making a nucleocapsid in the process, that will bud into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum to finally complete the intracellular cycle.
T84 2222-2303 Sentence denotes Newly formed virions are then expelled from the infected cell through exocytosis.
T85 2304-2558 Sentence denotes The CoVs released thereafter are now capable to infect a wide spectrum of human cells, including lung, renal, hepatic, intestinal, and lower respiratory tract cells, as well as T lymphocytes (Chhikara, Rathi, Singh, & Poonam, 2020; Lambeir et al., 2003).
T86 2559-2646 Sentence denotes Figure 1 presents a schematic of viral structure and the entry mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2.
T87 2647-2734 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Presents a schematic of viral structure and the entry mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2
T88 2736-2759 Sentence denotes 2.1 Respiratory system
T89 2760-2945 Sentence denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 tends to infect the respiratory tract, thus, pneumonia is a primary clinical finding in patients with COVID‐19 (Huang et al., 2020; Li, Guan, et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020).
T90 2946-3030 Sentence denotes However, pneumonia is only a component of the SARS that might develop in some cases.
T91 3031-3291 Sentence denotes The resulting SARS may then be aggravated and lead to serious conditions that are extremely difficult to control, for example, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulation dysfunction (Kofi Ayittey, Dzuvor, Kormla Ayittey, Bennita Chiwero, & Habib, 2020).
T92 3292-3436 Sentence denotes Investigation on the radiological findings of COVID‐19‐associated pneumonia have yielded little, if any, information that are mostly unspecific.
T93 3437-3580 Sentence denotes Progressive lung lesions are usually detected in patients with COVID‐19, about 1 week after the onset of signs and symptoms (Ooi et al., 2004).
T94 3581-3781 Sentence denotes The lesions then become aggravated during the 2nd week, and lead to formation of irregular reticular opacities mixed with ground glass opacities (GGOs), which can be detected by CT at the fourth week.
T95 3782-3977 Sentence denotes In a recent cohort study, 85.7% (54/63) of subjects with COVID‐19‐associated pneumonia showed disease progression, defined by an increased extent of GGO, on early follow‐up CT (Pan et al., 2020).
T96 3978-4146 Sentence denotes Pulmonary fibrous cords was reported in one particular patient that displayed signs of improvement, as the inflammatory secretions had been absorbed (Pan & Guan, 2020).
T97 4147-4409 Sentence denotes Long‐term complications of COVID‐19 in patients with severe pneumonia might include an array of fibrotic changes often observed in the late stages of lung injury, for example, reticulation, interlobular septal thickening, and traction bronchiectasis (Kim, 2020).
T98 4411-4429 Sentence denotes 2.2 Immune system
T99 4430-4652 Sentence denotes There have been several reports that indicated meager Cytolethal Distending Toxin‐induced lymphocytes, with a density as low as 200 cells/mm3 in three patients with SARS‐CoV infection (Chu et al., 2014; Zhou et al., 2014).
T100 4653-4927 Sentence denotes As in the case of SARS‐CoV‐2, it has been suspected that infection with this type of CoV might lead to inflammatory cytokine storm (Chen, Liu, et al., 2020; Zumla et al., 2020); a life‐threatening condition characterized by elevated levels of interleukin 6 (IL‐6) in plasma.
T101 4928-5130 Sentence denotes A number of investigations recently conducted on COVID‐19 have reported that IL‐6 levels was actually higher in the patients with severe disease (Cai, 2020; Chen, Liu, et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2020).
T102 5131-5252 Sentence denotes This could highlight the importance of IL‐6 as a biomarker for evaluation of disease severity (Chen, Zhao, et al., 2020).
T103 5254-5271 Sentence denotes 2.3 Liver damage
T104 5272-5531 Sentence denotes Impaired liver function tests have been reported for a number of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, suggesting hepatic damage as an extrapulmonary complication of COVID‐19 in almost one half of the patients (Chen, Zhou, et al., 2020; Wang, Hu, et al., 2020).
T105 5532-5654 Sentence denotes A recent study has concluded that liver function abnormality might stem from infection of bile duct cells with SARS‐CoV‐2.
T106 5655-5834 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, the alkaline phosphatase value, which is an index of bile duct damage, were not specific in patients with COVID‐19 (Chen, Zhou, et al., 2020; Wang, Hu, et al., 2020).
T107 5835-5920 Sentence denotes Investigation of liver biopsy specimens was accompanied by new pathological findings.
T108 5921-6152 Sentence denotes Scientists have reported moderate microvascular steatosis, and mild lobular and portal activity in these patients, that suggests liver damage may have arisen from either SARS‐CoV‐2 infection or drug‐induced liver (Xu et al., 2020).
T109 6154-6236 Sentence denotes 2.4 Myocardial, gastrointestinal, and renal symptoms: homeostasis of electrolytes
T110 6237-6481 Sentence denotes An essential player in maintenance of electrolyte balance and blood pressure, ACE2 is regarded by many as the principal counter‐regulatory arm in the axis of renin–angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS; Santos, Ferreira, & Simões e Silva, 2008).
T111 6482-6520 Sentence denotes Upon infection, SARS‐CoV‐2 binds ACE2.
T112 6521-6620 Sentence denotes This results in degradation of ACE2, which subsequently dampens the counter‐effect of ACE2 on RAAS.
T113 6621-6766 Sentence denotes The final effect of ACE2 in an otherwise healthy adult is to increase reabsorption of sodium and the reciprocal excretion of potassium ions (K+).
T114 6767-6886 Sentence denotes The concomitant re‐uptake of water with sodium reabsorption prompts an increase in blood pressure (Weir & Rolfe, 2010).
T115 6887-7000 Sentence denotes Potassium is the predominant intracellular ion, that is majorly involved in regulation of cell membrane polarity.
T116 7001-7092 Sentence denotes Too low levels of K+ in blood, known as hypokalemia, can result in cellular hyper‐polarity.
T117 7093-7252 Sentence denotes A hyper‐polarized cell membrane tends to be depolarized faster than normal, causing aberrancy in the function of cardiac cells (Bielecka‐Dabrowa et al., 2012).
T118 7253-7398 Sentence denotes In a recent cohort study, patients diagnosed with COVID‐19 were categorized into three groups: severe hypokalemia, hypokalemia, and normokalemia.
T119 7399-7488 Sentence denotes The study reported that 93% of patients with a severe clinical condition had hypokalemia.
T120 7489-7637 Sentence denotes Scientists did not find a direct link between gastrointestinal symptoms and hypokalemia among 108 patients with both severe or moderate hypokalemia.
T121 7638-7887 Sentence denotes Further investigations established an association between parameters such as body temperature, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase myocardial band (CK‐MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) with the severity of hypokalemia.
T122 7888-8007 Sentence denotes Reportedly, hypokalemia was most often observed with patients who had elevated levels of serum CK, CK‐MB, LDH, and CRP.
T123 8008-8095 Sentence denotes Potassium (K+) loss in the urine was determined to be the primary cause of hypokalemia.
T124 8096-8151 Sentence denotes Hypokalemia requires strenuous efforts to be corrected.
T125 8152-8246 Sentence denotes This is chiefly due to the incessant loss of K+ in the urine, as a result of ACE2 degradation.
T126 8247-8405 Sentence denotes In the case of COVID‐19‐associated hypokalemia, however, the patients seemed to respond well to potassium supplements when the critical phase had passed [49].
T127 8406-8530 Sentence denotes Therefore, one should consider the impact of hypokalemia in COVID‐19 morbidity, and its effect on the outcomes of treatment.
T128 8531-8723 Sentence denotes This is a condition that must be carefully addressed for, as patients with COVID‐19 are more inclined to develop dysfunctions in heart, lungs, and other vital organs (Li, Hu, Su, & Dai, 2020).