LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7281546 / 1206-7399 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T12 0-326 Sentence denotes Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the etiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) that causes an acute and highly contagious enteric disease of swine characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and anorexia in pigs of all ages, especially resulting in severe diarrhea and high mortality rate in piglets.
T13 327-416 Sentence denotes In serious cases, outbreak of PED even leads to a mortality rate of 100% in pigs [1,2,3].
T14 417-492 Sentence denotes The causative agent of PED was first described in the 1970s in England [4].
T15 493-581 Sentence denotes In 1976, an unrecognized enteric disease was reported in several European countries [5].
T16 582-647 Sentence denotes The viral diarrhea was collectively designated “PED” in 1982 [6].
T17 648-778 Sentence denotes Endemic PED had been described in both developed and developing countries, but with a low impact on the swine industry until 2010.
T18 779-991 Sentence denotes In 2010, outbreaks of PED caused by highly pathogenic variant PEDV strains occurred in China, and this was immediately reported in other Asian counties, causing up to 100% mortality in suckling piglets [1,7,8,9].
T19 992-1121 Sentence denotes In April 2013, PEDV entered the United States (US) for the first time and the virulent strains spread rapidly across the US [10].
T20 1122-1255 Sentence denotes Apart from almost 100% mortality rate in suckling piglets, PEDV infection also damaged the growth performance of finishing pigs [11].
T21 1256-1409 Sentence denotes The highly pathogenic strains of PEDV spread worldwide, resulting in serious problems to the swine industry and substantial economic losses [7,10,12,13].
T22 1410-1642 Sentence denotes Vaccination used to be the main strategy to prevent and control the rate of PEDV infection [14], however, the current available PEDV vaccines cannot provide complete protection for the pigs affected by the highly pathogenic strains.
T23 1643-1807 Sentence denotes The optimal vaccines should induce efficient maternal antibodies in sows that could be transmitted to the offspring and protect neonatal suckling piglets from PEDV.
T24 1808-1904 Sentence denotes The vaccination method is critically associated with the antibodies’ induction by PEDV vaccines.
T25 1905-1996 Sentence denotes Oral vaccination with attenuated PEDV seems to be more efficacious than injectable vaccine.
T26 1997-2229 Sentence denotes Oral immunization of PEDV-seronegative pregnant sows with attenuated PEDV leads to lower mortality rate of piglets and higher amounts of IgA transferred from the sows to the offspring than that in the intramuscularly injected group.
T27 2230-2337 Sentence denotes However, the duration of virus shedding after challenge was not reduced compared to the control group [15].
T28 2338-2497 Sentence denotes The immunization dose of the virus for sows and the challenge dose of the virus for piglets significantly affected the protection against virus challenge [16].
T29 2498-2800 Sentence denotes Moreover, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the prevalent strains causing previous PED outbreaks in China in 2010 and the recent outbreaks in North America and Asia all belong to the genogroup II (GII) PEDV and the S gene of GIIb PEDV contains typical insertion and deletion mutations [2].
T30 2801-2881 Sentence denotes Therefore, new PEDV vaccines should be developed based on these variant strains.
T31 2882-3017 Sentence denotes The biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immune protective effects of GIIb PEDV strains should be studied as soon as possible.
T32 3018-3151 Sentence denotes An inactivated vaccine based on genotype IIb strain AJ1102 developed by Wuhan Keqian company was approved for clinical trial in 2014.
T33 3152-3335 Sentence denotes In addition, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that have the ability to interact with the intestinal cells can be used as a potential vector for improving delivery of oral vaccines [17].
T34 3336-3524 Sentence denotes Developing the transgenic plants expressing antigenic proteins as edible vaccines to induce efficient mucosal immune responses might be a prominent strategy to prevent PEDV infection [18].
T35 3525-3642 Sentence denotes Choosing appropriate and effective adjuvants for PEDV vaccines to enhance adaptive immune response is also important.
T36 3643-3820 Sentence denotes In addition, the construction of recombinant PEDV with deletion or mutation of the immune antagonistic regions or sites is a potential strategy to develop PEDV vaccines as well.
T37 3821-3963 Sentence denotes The produced modified antigens will induce an increased and earlier immune response in pigs, compared with the antigens from wildtype viruses.
T38 3964-4321 Sentence denotes Therefore, the modification of viral antigens, the optimization of immunization methods, screening effective adjuvants, and exploiting a new generation of vaccines are promising directions for the control of PED.PEDV is classified as a coronavirus (CoV), due to its similar electron microscopic appearance and polypeptide structure to other CoVs [19,20,21].
T39 4322-4501 Sentence denotes CoVs (subfamily Coronavirinae, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales) are a large family of viruses that have broad host ranges and have caused global public health issues [22].
T40 4502-4725 Sentence denotes The currently known CoVs are divided into four genera, which include Alphacoronavirus (α-CoV), Betacoronavirus (β-CoV), Gammacoronavirus (γ-CoV) and Deltacoronavirus (δ-CoV), according to the genome phylogeny and serotypes.
T41 4726-4869 Sentence denotes CoVs give rise to a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals, but generally fall into two classes, with respiratory or enteric tropisms.
T42 4870-5161 Sentence denotes Moreover, the β-CoV genus consists of a lot of important CoVs that result in serious respiratory illnesses in humans, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the latest 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2).
T43 5162-5260 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV resulted in an outbreak of severe respiratory disease through China in 2002–2003 [23,24].
T44 5261-5450 Sentence denotes MERS-CoV was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and is associated with severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that results in a high mortality (~35%) [25,26].
T45 5451-5623 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV2 was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, which leads to similar symptoms in humans as SARS-CoV, but it is more infectious to humans than SARS-CoV [27,28].
T46 5624-5879 Sentence denotes Furthermore, α-CoV genus includes porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and various enteric CoVs that lead to viral diarrhea in pigs, such as PEDV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and HKU2-like porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) [29,30].
T47 5880-6030 Sentence denotes PRCV infects the upper respiratory epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, but the clinical manifestations caused by PRCV are not significant [31].
T48 6031-6193 Sentence denotes The swine enteric CoVs cause severe diarrhea, vomiting, and mortality in piglets, having contributed to enormous economic losses to the global swine industry [6].