LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7281378 / 61052-72073 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T476 0-6 Sentence denotes 3.5.2.
T477 7-20 Sentence denotes United States
T478 21-150 Sentence denotes The IAV was first isolated from the nasal discharge of a swine in the United States in 1931 [34] and from the human in 1933 [35].
T479 151-428 Sentence denotes The first report of human-origin IAV in swine appeared in the United States on 24 May 1937 after an unexpected result was observed when the serum sample of a sick swine obtained from a State Prison Farm located in New Jersey neutralized the antibodies of human influenza virus.
T480 429-559 Sentence denotes A series of investigations made a strikingly new observation that swine had suffered from a human strain of influenza virus [259].
T481 560-715 Sentence denotes Serological investigations conducted during 1950s suggested that the weight loss and mortalities among swine were due to swine influenza viruses [260,261].
T482 716-840 Sentence denotes Swine influenza viruses were isolated from febrile swine at nine occasions during 1965–1968 in Wisconsin and Nebraska [262].
T483 841-954 Sentence denotes Additionally, swine influenza antibodies were also detected in swine sera samples collected from six farms [262].
T484 955-1228 Sentence denotes A virological surveillance conducted in Memphis, Tennessee and Madison, Wisconsin during May 1976 to June 1977 successfully isolated 478 influenza viruses from swine nasal swabs collected at abattoirs; approximately 300 of which were characterized to be swine H1N1 viruses.
T485 1229-1361 Sentence denotes Additionally, the serological surveillance identified that 21% of the 9400 swine sera samples had swine H1N1 virus antibodies [263].
T486 1362-1510 Sentence denotes A small percentage (1.4%) of swine sera samples were found positive for the swine H3N2 viruses which was further confirmed by virus isolation [263].
T487 1511-1632 Sentence denotes Interestingly, this study identified inter-species transmission of swine influenza viruses between human and swine [263].
T488 1633-1776 Sentence denotes A novel swine-origin H1N1 virus termed as “A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1)” was detected at Fort Dix Army training camp in New Jersey in January 1976.
T489 1777-1837 Sentence denotes The outbreak was localized and was limited to Fort Dix only.
T490 1838-2002 Sentence denotes As a result, 230 soldiers were found infected with this novel virus; 13 of which had severe respiratory disease with one death due to viral pneumonia [264,265,266].
T491 2003-2162 Sentence denotes Since this novel swine-origin H1N1 virus quickly disappeared from Fort Dix hence the epidemiology and the origin of the disease could not be ascertained [264].
T492 2163-2281 Sentence denotes The H1N1 and H3N2 virus antibodies were detected in swine sera collected from an abattoir in North-West United States.
T493 2282-2378 Sentence denotes Interestingly, a higher IAV seroprevalence was observed during the Fall and early winter months.
T494 2379-2512 Sentence denotes Virus isolation and sequencing identified that the H1N1 viruses were closely related to the classical H1 swine influenza virus [267].
T495 2513-2669 Sentence denotes Classical swine-like H1N1 and triple-reassortant H3N2 viruses were identified in swine samples collected across 23 states in the USA during 1998–1999 [268].
T496 2670-2846 Sentence denotes The Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MVDL) detected large number of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of IAV in swine samples during 1998–2001 and again during 2007–2009.
T497 2847-2940 Sentence denotes Interestingly, some of the samples were co-infected with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses [269,270,271].
T498 2941-3166 Sentence denotes A second-generation reassortant H1N2 virus having genes from a reassortant H3N2 and classical H1 swine influenza viruses was obtained from the lung tissue samples of a dead sow at an Indiana swine farm in November 1999 [272].
T499 3167-3350 Sentence denotes A novel subtype of H3N1 virus termed as “A/Swine/Minnesota/00395/2004 (H3N1)” was identified during a severe respiratory disease outbreak on a swine farm in Minnesota in October 2004.
T500 3351-3642 Sentence denotes Sequencing observed that the HA gene of this strain was closely related to swine influenza H3N2 virus while the NA gene was related to classical H1N1 virus which suggested that the novel H3N1 virus emerged due to reassortment between H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in the Midwest United States [273].
T501 3643-3872 Sentence denotes Further an H2N3 subtype of IAV which may have emerged as a result of a reassortment between avian and swine influenza viruses was identified on a commercial swine farm in Minnesota in April 2006 and again in September 2006 [274].
T502 3873-4124 Sentence denotes The first evidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in US swine appeared when four A(H1N1)pdm09 and one triple-reassortant H1N2 viruses were identified and characterized in the exhibition swine in the states of Minnesota and South Dakota in 2009 [275].
T503 4125-4342 Sentence denotes During last ten years, a large number of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, A(H1N1)pdm09 along with reassortant IAV subtypes have been reported in the US swine populations [243,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289].
T504 4343-4459 Sentence denotes The United States has a large feral swine population which is considered a reservoir of H1N1 and H3N2 viruses [290].
T505 4460-4725 Sentence denotes The swine-like H1N1, avian-like H1N1, swine-like H1N2, swine-like H3N2, human-like H3N2, A(H1N1)pdm09 along with avian-like H6N2 and H7N2 viruses were identified in feral swine samples collected across 35 states in the USA between October 2009–September 2013 [291].
T506 4726-5022 Sentence denotes Histological examination of the lung tissues obtained from two backyard piglets suffering from pneumonia and weight loss in Colorado in November 2010 suggested that the piglets were infected with swine influenza virus which were later confirmed to be infected with IAV subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T507 5023-5258 Sentence denotes Since the piglets were raised at the house of a pharmacist hence a possible human to swine transmission was speculated given the possibility of an occupational exposure of the pharmacist to the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus at the pharmacy [292].
T508 5259-5423 Sentence denotes The first report of IBV infection in swine appeared when swine in the Midwest United States were found infected with IBV lineages of Yagamata/B and Victoria/B [37].
T509 5424-5557 Sentence denotes This was a new finding because initially IBV was thought to have a host range limited to human, pheasants, horses and seal [1,2,3,4].
T510 5558-5678 Sentence denotes A novel strain of swine influenza virus was detected in Oklahoma swine exhibiting influenza-like symptoms in April 2011.
T511 5679-5759 Sentence denotes The nasal swab samples taken from the swine were negative for the IAV infection.
T512 5760-5900 Sentence denotes Hence the virus isolation was attempted in swine testicle cells; the cells in culture showed influenza-like cytopathic effects by third day.
T513 5901-6049 Sentence denotes Electron microscopic observations revealed particles typical of a virus of Orthomyxoviridae family, but the RT-PCR was negative for the IBV and ICV.
T514 6050-6173 Sentence denotes After ultracentrifugation was used for virus isolation, the genome of the virus was sequenced using Ion Torrent sequencing.
T515 6174-6395 Sentence denotes The genome sequence analysis along with genetic and biochemical investigations revealed that the isolated virus was a novel Orthomyxovirus having 50% overall identity at amino acid level with human influenza C virus [43].
T516 6396-6617 Sentence denotes Since this novel virus was genetically and antigenically distinct from ICV therefore, later was proposed to be categorized as a new genus of Orthomyxoviridae family which was later accepted as influenza D virus (IDV) [5].
T517 6618-6746 Sentence denotes Later, two feral swine which were shot dead in a cotton field in Texas in June 2011 were found infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T518 6747-6934 Sentence denotes The significant identity of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolated from these two feral swine with human A(H1N1)pdm09 virus suggested a possible transmission between human and the feral swine [290].
T519 6935-7213 Sentence denotes Another study reported seroprevalence of H3N2 virus in one feral swine from Mississippi and in five feral swine from the state of California in 2005 but a negative seroprevalence was reported in the feral swine samples obtained from the states of Florida, Oklahoma and Missouri.
T520 7214-7393 Sentence denotes Additionally, the seroprevalence of IAV was reported in feral swine from Texas where a total of 68 out of 472 feral swine sera were found positive for H3N2 and H1N1 viruses [293].
T521 7394-7627 Sentence denotes Another investigation detected H3N2 virus RNA in only one feral swine from a pool of samples collected across 31 states in the USA during 2011–2012 which indicated a negligible active influenza infection in US feral swine population.
T522 7628-7906 Sentence denotes On the contrary, ELISA identified IAV antibodies in 182 feral swine samples while the serological subtyping identified H3N2 virus antibodies in 76 feral swine samples collected from 19 states which indicated a significant past exposure of US feral swine to the H3N2 virus [294].
T523 7907-8151 Sentence denotes Further, seroprevalence of IDV was reported in 49 feral swine samples collected from Oklahoma, Texas, Hawaii and North Carolina during October 2012–September 2013 which provided the first evidence of past IDV infections in US feral swine [295].
T524 8152-8341 Sentence denotes A study investigating virus shedding in nursery piglets found that all 81 piglets under investigation were shedding H3N2 virus starting seventh day of arrival into the barns until 29th day.
T525 8342-8407 Sentence denotes Shedding was still observed in some piglets until 39th day [296].
T526 8408-8598 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 48 of these nursery piglets were also identified shedding H1N1 virus starting at the third day of arrival into the barns until 41st day over a 53-day observation period [296].
T527 8599-8700 Sentence denotes This was the new information which identified that young nursery piglets could get infected with IAV.
T528 8701-8900 Sentence denotes The oral fluid samples collected from 25 neonatal piglets at four Oklahoma based swine farms during May–August 2014 [297] were found infected with different IAV subtypes including H1, N1, H3, and N2.
T529 8901-8983 Sentence denotes This study supported the use of swine oral fluid samples in IAV diagnostics [285].
T530 8984-9131 Sentence denotes The swine oral fluid samples were also collected in North and South Carolina during June to August 2014 using the cotton rope hanging method [298].
T531 9132-9301 Sentence denotes In this method of sampling, swine are encouraged to chew the rope, as a result, saliva accumulates on the rope which is later squeezed to collect the sample aseptically.
T532 9302-9501 Sentence denotes One of the benefits of this method of sampling is that each sample does not represent an individual swine but rather represents multiple swine that chewed the rope while hanging inside the pen [298].
T533 9502-9695 Sentence denotes Another benefit of this sampling method is that swine oral samples may contain contaminants like feed and feces but this method minimizes the chances of such contaminations in the sample [299].
T534 9696-9931 Sentence denotes Another investigation carried out metagenomic sequencing of swine nasal and rectal swabs obtained from apparently healthy swine which identified 11 IAV positive swine at three abattoirs and a buying station in USA in August 2015 [300].
T535 9932-10093 Sentence denotes In a striking observation, an avian-lineage H4N6 virus was isolated and sequenced from 7–8-month-old gilts on a Missouri based swine farm in December 2015 [301].
T536 10094-10250 Sentence denotes The investigators collected more samples at different time points for next few months at the same farm to assess the transmission of H4N6 virus among swine.
T537 10251-10426 Sentence denotes No other samples were found positive for the H4N6 virus which suggested that the H4N6 virus did not transmit from swine-to-swine and therefore disappeared from the index farm.
T538 10427-10514 Sentence denotes Interestingly, this extended study identified three H1N1 viruses infecting swine [301].
T539 10515-10774 Sentence denotes One large-scale study identified that 23 percent (2 947/12,814) of the swine samples were positive for the IAV in Mid-West United States between July 2011–March 2017, however, sequencing could identify only 173 H1 and H3 subtypes among positive samples [302].
T540 10775-11021 Sentence denotes A human to swine transmission of IAV was suggested when two human-like H3N2 virus isolates were identified from an Oklahoma based swine farm in 2017 which had high similarity with the human-like H3N2 viruses reported earlier from Baltimore [303].