LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7281378 / 11436-83936 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T84 0-2 Sentence denotes 3.
T85 3-10 Sentence denotes Results
T86 11-265 Sentence denotes The original research articles and case reports on the serological and virological prevalence of all the four genera of influenza viruses i.e., IAV, IBV, ICV and IDV were downloaded, analyzed and summarized in the region-specific manner across the world.
T87 266-391 Sentence denotes Influenza viruses have been reported from 53 countries located across six continents (Figure 3; Table 1) until February 2020.
T88 393-397 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T89 398-434 Sentence denotes Influenza Viruses in Swine in Africa
T90 436-442 Sentence denotes 3.1.1.
T91 443-451 Sentence denotes Cameroon
T92 452-562 Sentence denotes The first report of IAV in Cameroonian swine appeared when A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was documented during 2009–2010.
T93 563-684 Sentence denotes The youngest infected swine was four-month old which suggested that A(H1N1)pdm09 virus can infect the young piglets [51].
T94 685-800 Sentence denotes Nine more swine herds in Cameroon were found infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 and H1N1 viruses during May–June 2011 [52].
T95 801-1018 Sentence denotes A multiple-site study including free-roaming and penned swine along with domestic poultry and Columbiformes birds between December 2009 and August 2012 identified one IAV positive swine at each of the two study sites.
T96 1019-1119 Sentence denotes The inter-species transmission of IAV was ruled out as all the birds were negative for the IAV [53].
T97 1121-1127 Sentence denotes 3.1.2.
T98 1128-1135 Sentence denotes Nigeria
T99 1136-1317 Sentence denotes The first evidence of the past IAV infection in Nigerian swine appeared in 2008 when H1N1 and H3N2 virus antibodies were detected in swine sampled at three different locations [54].
T100 1318-1483 Sentence denotes Shortly after that, in 2009, the first report of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus appeared in the Nigerian swine when one swine herd was found seropositive for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T101 1484-1623 Sentence denotes Interestingly, eight other swine herds were found seropositive for the H1N1 and four herds were found positive for human-like H3N2 viruses.
T102 1624-1797 Sentence denotes The seroprevalence of IAV further increased as 66 swine herds were detected positive for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and 53 herds were found seropositive for H1N1 virus in 2012 [52].
T103 1798-1997 Sentence denotes The active infection (viral RNA) of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was first reported in the Nigerian swine between July 2010–June 2012 when 18 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were retrieved from the swine in Lagos.
T104 1998-2160 Sentence denotes The zoonotic transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus to the exposed human workers was ruled out as all the human samples were negative for the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus [55].
T105 2161-2283 Sentence denotes Nineteen more A(H1N1)pdm09 and five human-origin H3N2 viruses were identified in the Nigerian swine during 2013-2015 [56].
T106 2284-2392 Sentence denotes Later one more report of the human strain of H3N2 virus appeared in swine during January–February 2014 [57].
T107 2393-2468 Sentence denotes A high seroprevalence of IAV in a commercial piggery was reported in Lagos.
T108 2469-2733 Sentence denotes Total 197 human and 281 swine sera samples were screened which determined that 87% human and 67% swine sera had antibodies for IAV depicting the past exposure [58] but the active infection was absent given that all nasal swabs were negative for IAV infection [58].
T109 2734-3028 Sentence denotes Lately, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) strain H5N1 was detected in 22 swine samples between December 2015 and February 2016 during an ongoing H5N1 disease outbreak in Nigerian poultry [59] which indicated the inter-species transmission of H5N1 virus from poultry to swine [59].
T110 3030-3036 Sentence denotes 3.1.3.
T111 3037-3042 Sentence denotes Egypt
T112 3043-3361 Sentence denotes A molecular study reported the negative prevalence of avian-like H5N1 and H5N2 viruses in Egyptian swine in May 2008 [60] but the serological investigation identified H5N1 virus antibodies in seven and H5N2 virus antibodies in four swine sera samples [60] which suggested a past exposure of these swine to the viruses.
T113 3362-3664 Sentence denotes The active H5N1 infection in Egyptian swine was again ruled out in October 2013 as the viral RNA could not be detected in 36 swine samples but interestingly, the antibodies against avian-like H5N1, H9N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were detected in swine sera samples which suggested a past exposure [61].
T114 3665-3809 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 122 of the 157 swine nasal swab samples collected during 2014 and 2015 were found positive for IAV active infection using RT-PCR.
T115 3810-3913 Sentence denotes As a result, HA subtyping identified 46 avian-origin H5N1, seven H9N2 and 69 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses [61].
T116 3915-3921 Sentence denotes 3.1.4.
T117 3922-3927 Sentence denotes Kenya
T118 3928-4130 Sentence denotes The first report of IAV in swine in Kenya appeared in May 2010 when A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were detected in eight swine samples collected from the Asembo and Kibera counties and at a Nairobi based abattoir.
T119 4131-4253 Sentence denotes The extended serological study further identified H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in swine during August 2011 to December 2012 [62].
T120 4254-4461 Sentence denotes The active IAV infection was reported in four household members having acute respiratory illness while the backyard swine were negative for the IAV and IBV in Kiambu county during September 2013–August 2014.
T121 4462-4587 Sentence denotes On the contrary, the serology identified the IAV antibodies in 230 swine sera samples suggesting a past exposure of IAV [63].
T122 4588-4730 Sentence denotes The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was again reported in five swine samples collected from a slaughterhouse in Kenya during September 2013–September 2014.
T123 4731-4942 Sentence denotes Interestingly, all the 288 human subjects including the slaughterhouse workers or the traders and farmers who had visited the slaughterhouse were negative for IAV, hence ruled out the zoonotic transmission [64].
T124 4944-4950 Sentence denotes 3.1.5.
T125 4951-4974 Sentence denotes Other African Countries
T126 4975-5197 Sentence denotes Swine in Benin and Cote d’Ivoire reported no prevalence of IAV during 2009–2010 [65] while A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was detected in swine in Reunion Island during 2009–2011 [66] and in Togo during October 2012–January 2014 [67].
T127 5198-5294 Sentence denotes The human strain of H3N2 virus was detected in swine in Ghana during January–February 2014 [57].
T128 5295-5375 Sentence denotes One more report documented IAV in swine in two districts of Uganda in 2015 [68].
T129 5376-5555 Sentence denotes Overall, influenza viruses have been reported in swine from eight African countries including Cameroon, Nigeria, Egypt, Kenya, Reunion island, Togo, Ghana, and Uganda (Figure 4A).
T130 5556-5672 Sentence denotes The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, which originated in Mexican swine in 2009, has been reported in all except Ghana and Uganda.
T131 5673-5902 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the HPAIV strain of H5N1 has been reported in swine in Nigeria and Egypt while HPAIV strain H5N2 and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) strain H9N2 have also been reported in the Egyptian swine (Table 1).
T132 5904-5908 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T133 5909-5943 Sentence denotes Influenza Viruses in Swine in Asia
T134 5945-5951 Sentence denotes 3.2.1.
T135 5952-5957 Sentence denotes China
T136 5958-6018 Sentence denotes China is considered the epicenter of influenza viruses [69].
T137 6019-6250 Sentence denotes The first seroprevalence of IAV in Chinese swine was documented during 1977-1982 when antibodies for 38 H1N1, 22 H3N2, 12 H4N6, 12 H5N3, and seven H9N2 viruses was detected in swine sera obtained from apparently healthy swine [70].
T138 6251-6419 Sentence denotes The first ever report of ICV in swine was documented from the apparently healthy swine in Beijing when 15 ICV isolates were retrieved during January–December 1981 [38].
T139 6420-6591 Sentence denotes Three isolates of reassortant H1N2 virus were identified after an influenza-like illness triggered abortions and mortalities in sows on a swine farm in November 2004 [71].
T140 6592-6750 Sentence denotes The same year, LPAIV strain H9N2 was isolated from the sick or dead swine in China which was the first ever isolate of H9N2 virus retrieved from a swine [72].
T141 6751-6871 Sentence denotes First human-origin H1N1 and four human-origin H3N2 virus isolates in Chinese swine were retrieved during 2005–2006 [73].
T142 6872-7129 Sentence denotes Further, two isolates of swine H3N2 viruses, four isolates of avian-origin HPAIV strain H5N1 and two isolates of H1N1 viruses were detected in swine nasal swab and lung tissue samples collected from swine in central provinces of China during 2004–2006 [74].
T143 7130-7259 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, two isolates of equine influenza virus H3N8 were also detected in swine during December 2005 and January 2006 [74].
T144 7260-7454 Sentence denotes Another report of avian-origin H9N2 virus in Chinese swine was documented during 2006–2007 when four H9N2 virus isolates with closely related nucleotide sequences were retrieved from swine [75].
T145 7455-7704 Sentence denotes Each of the two different investigations reported 19 H1N1, one H1N2 and nine H3N2 virus isolates from Chinese swine during 2006–2009 [76,77]; the H1N2 virus and all nine isolates of H3N2 viruses were either double or triple-reassortant viruses [76].
T146 7705-7875 Sentence denotes The first report of HPAIV strain H5N1 in swine was documented during October 2008–May 2009 when two H5N1 virus isolates were retrieved from apparently healthy swine [78].
T147 7876-8125 Sentence denotes The third report of avian-origin H9N2 virus in Chinese swine appeared when 144 apparently healthy swine across four provinces viz., Yunnan, Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang were found H9N2 positive over a four-year period during March 2008–March 2012.
T148 8126-8273 Sentence denotes The frequent interactions of birds to the swine at the study sites was reported which was suspected to be the most likely source of infection [79].
T149 8274-8372 Sentence denotes Further, a novel strain of avian-origin H4N1 virus was isolated from a Chinese swine in 2009 [80].
T150 8373-8587 Sentence denotes Several classical and avian-like H1N1, Eurasian avian-like H1N1, triple-reassortant H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were reported in Chinese swine between 2009 and 2016 [81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91].
T151 8588-8797 Sentence denotes A triple-reassortant H1N1 virus having the internal genes of avian, human, and swine lineages of influenza viruses was reported from a two-month old piglet on a Guangdong based swine farm in January 2010 [92].
T152 8798-8944 Sentence denotes Three reassortant H3N2 virus isolates having internal genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were reported in swine between November 2010 and June 2011 [93].
T153 8945-9171 Sentence denotes A three-year old boy was diagnosed with European origin avian-like H1N1 virus on a family swine farm in a rural area of the Jiangsu province in December 2010 which speculated a zoonotic transmission from swine to the boy [94].
T154 9172-9450 Sentence denotes The first report of H10N5 avian-origin influenza virus in a domestic swine in Hubei province further extended the diversity of swine influenza viruses and provided another evidence of interspecies transmission of avian influenza virus to the swine under natural conditions [95].
T155 9451-9608 Sentence denotes Several other avian-origin H3N2, H4N8, H6N6, H7N9, H5N1, and H9N2 virus antibodies were detected in swine in China during April 2010–June 2014 [86,96,97,98].
T156 9609-9853 Sentence denotes Another interspecies transmission of avian-like H1N1 virus in southern China was observed when 219 swine and 61 swine farm workers were identified to be infected with avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus between March 2011 and March 2013 [99].
T157 9854-10048 Sentence denotes Further a zoonotic transmission of H9N2 virus was identified at a Shandong based swine farm during May 2013–April 2014 when H9N2 virus antibodies were detected in 84 swine and four farm workers.
T158 10049-10172 Sentence denotes The wild birds visiting swine feeding sites at the swine farm were speculated to serve as the carrier for H9N2 virus [100].
T159 10173-10364 Sentence denotes Zoonotic transmission of H1N1 virus was reported on a swine farm in Shandong province between March 2015 and February 2016 among the swine exposed human workers having influenza-like illness.
T160 10365-10520 Sentence denotes As a result, five of the 32 (15.6%) nasal swab samples were found IAV positive; a married couple exposed to swine were found infected with H1N1 virus [88].
T161 10521-10646 Sentence denotes The IAV infection was also documented in 44 wild boars in Jilin province of China between April 2015 and February 2016 [101].
T162 10647-10775 Sentence denotes The first report of the IDV prevalence in Chinese swine documented 21 IDV positive swine in the Guangdong province in 2016 [44].
T163 10776-10978 Sentence denotes The swine IDV sequences shared high similarity (99–100%) with IDV sequences reported earlier from the bovine species in China [102] which indicated the transmission of IDV from bovine to swine in China.
T164 10980-10986 Sentence denotes 3.2.2.
T165 10987-11006 Sentence denotes Hong Kong and Tibet
T166 11007-11151 Sentence denotes Hong Kong is a special administrative region while Tibet is an autonomous administrative region under the control of People’s Republic of China.
T167 11152-11289 Sentence denotes The H1N1 and H3N2 virus isolates were successfully retrieved from apparently healthy swine in Hong Kong during July 1993–June 1994 [103].
T168 11290-11548 Sentence denotes Further, classical swine H1N1, H3N2 and avian-like H9N2 viruses were identified in Hong Kong based swine between March 1998–June 2000; two independent introductions of the avian-like H9N2 viruses were ascertained from avian species to the swine [27,104,105].
T169 11549-11747 Sentence denotes The first information of IAV seroprevalence in Tibetan swine appeared during April–December 2010 when antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 viruses were detected in swine sera collected from Tibet [106].
T170 11749-11755 Sentence denotes 3.2.3.
T171 11756-11762 Sentence denotes Bhutan
T172 11763-11942 Sentence denotes The first report of H1N1 seroprevalence in swine in Bhutan appeared when H1N1 virus was detected in backyard as well as breeding swine during October 2011 and February 2012 [107].
T173 11944-11950 Sentence denotes 3.2.4.
T174 11951-11959 Sentence denotes Cambodia
T175 11960-12114 Sentence denotes The H1N1 virus was reported in swine over a five year-period between 2006–2010 while the A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses were identified only in 2010 [108].
T176 12115-12246 Sentence denotes Later three triple-assortant H3N2 viruses were isolated and sequenced from the backyard swine between May 2011 and July 2012 [109].
T177 12248-12254 Sentence denotes 3.2.5.
T178 12255-12260 Sentence denotes Japan
T179 12261-12398 Sentence denotes The antibodies against A/Hong Kong(H3N2) virus termed as “A/Swine/Wadayama/5/69” were first detected in Japanese swine in 1969 [110,111].
T180 12399-12578 Sentence denotes The H3N2 virus seroprevalence in Japanese swine was further documented in Sendai City during 1977 to 1980 [112]; the transmission between human and swine was also suggested [112].
T181 12579-12741 Sentence denotes The first active IAV infection was reported when two reassortant H1N2 virus isolates were retrieved from the Japanese swine having influenza-like disease in 1978.
T182 12742-12830 Sentence denotes The isolated H1N2 virus was believed to be a recombinant of H1N1 and H3N2 viruses [113].
T183 12831-12924 Sentence denotes Further 340 swine were diagnosed with H1N1 antibodies in Toyama Prefecture between 1978–1982.
T184 12925-13064 Sentence denotes A lower seroprevalence was observed during the summer months while the seroprevalence was relatively higher during the winter season [114].
T185 13065-13181 Sentence denotes Again, one more H1N2 virus was isolated and characterized from the sows in Ehime Prefecture in September 1980 [115].
T186 13182-13367 Sentence denotes Intriguingly, 18 H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 viruses were detected in swine imported from the United States, however, all the imported swine from the Europe were negative for the IAV infection.
T187 13368-13443 Sentence denotes This was the first report of the IAV infection in the imported swine [116].
T188 13444-13758 Sentence denotes The ICV seroprevalence (19%) in Japanese swine was first reported in the Hyogo Prefecture during July 1981–June 1982 [117] but swine in Yamagata Prefecture were found seronegative for the ICV between August 1979 and March 1986 which suggested a localized transmission of ICV in swine within Hyogo Prefecture [118].
T189 13759-13854 Sentence denotes Several other reassortant H1N2 virus isolates were reported in Japanese swine after 1991 [119].
T190 13855-14112 Sentence denotes One novel reassortant H1N2 virus appeared to have emerged from the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was reported in swine in Gunma Prefecture while two other H1N2 viruses appeared to have emerged from the Japanese H1N2 viruses with internal genes from A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T191 14113-14214 Sentence denotes One more H1N2 virus was detected in swine which was closely related to the Japanese H1N2 virus [120].
T192 14215-14333 Sentence denotes The immunohistochemistry identified lesions in the lungs of the sick swine infected with reassortant H1N2 virus [121].
T193 14334-14452 Sentence denotes Additionally, several H1N1 and H3N2 viruses have also been reported in Japanese swine between 1990 and 2017 [122,123].
T194 14453-14680 Sentence denotes Interestingly, six H1N1 virus isolates were identified with reassorted genes from A(H1N1)pdm09 virus while one H1N1 isolate appeared to have H1 gene from Japanese swine influenza virus with internal genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T195 14681-14801 Sentence denotes Further, one H3N2 virus isolate was determined to have genes of Japanese swine influenza and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses [124].
T196 14802-14926 Sentence denotes These results reflected the occurrence of the reassortment events between Japanese swine influenza and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.
T197 14927-15019 Sentence denotes IAV seroprevalence has lately been reported in wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in Japan.
T198 15020-15199 Sentence denotes Three wild boars in the Yamaguchi Prefecture were found seropositive for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus while nine wild boars in Tochigi Prefecture were seropositive for the swine H1N1 virus.
T199 15200-15340 Sentence denotes But, the active IAV infection could not be identified in these wild boars as all the nasal swab samples were negative for IAV and IBV [125].
T200 15341-15596 Sentence denotes In a more recent investigation, fifteen wild boars were found seropositive for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Kagoshima Prefecture between November 2014–December 2017 while two of these fifteen wild boars had antibodies against H1N2 and H3N2 viruses as well [126].
T201 15597-15674 Sentence denotes This reflected a past exposure of the Japanese wild boars to the IAV strains.
T202 15676-15682 Sentence denotes 3.2.6.
T203 15683-15694 Sentence denotes South Korea
T204 15695-15896 Sentence denotes The first active IAV infection in the Korean swine was identified in December 1998 when three H3N2 virus isolates were recovered from the swine experiencing an acute influenza-like respiratory disease.
T205 15897-16071 Sentence denotes The close relatedness of these Korean swine H3N2 isolates with human-origin H3N2 viruses reported from Korea between 1987–1999 suggested the events of reverse zoonosis [127].
T206 16072-16291 Sentence denotes One unique H7N2 virus isolate was detected in swine which had seven gene segments originated from Hong Kong avian-origin H7N2 virus isolated in 1978 and the NS gene originated from Hong Kong H5N3 virus isolated in 1977.
T207 16292-16379 Sentence denotes Additionally, four typical swine influenza H1N1 viruses were identified in swine [128].
T208 16380-16502 Sentence denotes Several H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses were detected in symptomatic South Korean swine after 2000 [129,130,131,132,133,134].
T209 16503-16594 Sentence denotes The IAV localization in the swine lung tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemistry [130].
T210 16595-16791 Sentence denotes Total 35 avian-origin H5N2 viruses of Eurasian lineage were identified in swine in different South Korean provinces during 2004–2008 which suggested cross-species transmission of H5N2 virus [135].
T211 16792-16920 Sentence denotes Three H1N1 virus isolates closely related to US isolates of H1N1 were obtained from 45-day-old piglets in Korea in January 2005.
T212 16921-17018 Sentence denotes The other swine farms in the proximity of this index farm were negative for the H1N1 virus [136].
T213 17019-17353 Sentence denotes Further, one H1N1, two H1N2, and one H3N2 subtypes of IAV identical to the American strains based on their HA and NA gene sequences were obtained from swine nasal swab, lung, and thoracic fluid samples during 2005–2006 which suggested that there was no probability of arising of these IAV strains in Korea through recombination [137].
T214 17354-17571 Sentence denotes Two novel isolates of swine H3N1 virus with high genomic similarity to each other were retrieved from two different swine farms in Korea during March–April 2006 which would be due to a common origin of these isolates.
T215 17572-17688 Sentence denotes These viruses had human-like H3 gene while other gene segments originated from swine influenza viruses within Korea.
T216 17689-17860 Sentence denotes High reactivity of the 52 swine sera samples to H3N1 virus antibodies suggested a previous exposure and probability of the swine to swine transmission of H3N1 virus [138].
T217 17861-18031 Sentence denotes The human to swine transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was reported in Chungbuk province where 42 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were recovered from swine lung tissues [139].
T218 18032-18152 Sentence denotes The reassortment between A(H1N1)pdm09 and swine H1N2 viruses emerged into a novel reassortant H1N2 virus in swine [140].
T219 18153-18315 Sentence denotes A triple-reassortant H3N2 virus was identified in swine during December 2011–May 2012 which indicated the IAV reassortment was taking place in Korean swine [141].
T220 18316-18497 Sentence denotes A swine fever eradication campaign identified nine A(H1N1)pdm09, two classical H1N1 and one H1N2 viruses in wild boars which were hunted and killed in South Korea during 2012 [142].
T221 18498-18612 Sentence denotes More recently, a complete genome sequence of H1N1 virus was reported from a domestic swine in Korea in 2016 [143].
T222 18614-18620 Sentence denotes 3.2.7.
T223 18621-18629 Sentence denotes Thailand
T224 18630-18715 Sentence denotes The occurrence of IAV in Thai swine was first reported during November–December 1978.
T225 18716-18816 Sentence denotes Active H3N2 infection was detected in one swine while several other swine had H3N2 antibodies [144].
T226 18817-18900 Sentence denotes Two H1N1 virus isolates from Thai swine were first recovered in January 1988 [145].
T227 18901-19039 Sentence denotes Several studies reported H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses in swine exhibiting respiratory disease symptoms between 2000 to 2014.
T228 19040-19191 Sentence denotes Intriguingly, one swine sample was found co-infected with four IAV subtypes including H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, and H3N2 viruses [146,147,148,149,150,151,152].
T229 19192-19337 Sentence denotes The first evidence of H5N1 seroprevalence in Thai swine was documented in 2004 when eight H5N1 positive swine sera samples were identified [153].
T230 19338-19459 Sentence denotes Later ten H1N1 and two H3N2 virus isolates were retrieved from piglets aged between 4 to 12 weeks during 2008–2009 [154].
T231 19460-19726 Sentence denotes Interestingly, most of the virus isolates retrieved in this study were obtained from 4 to 8 week-old piglets which was in agreement of a previous report stating that swine influenza viruses can be successfully retrieved from piglets less than ten weeks of age [155].
T232 19727-19862 Sentence denotes A zoonotic transmission of IAV was reported at a Thai swine farm where all the swine were found positive for either H1N1 or H1N2 virus.
T233 19863-20014 Sentence denotes Interestingly, two farm owners, 46 swine handlers, four veterinarians, five farm cleaners and two farm office workers also reported IAV seroprevalence.
T234 20015-20184 Sentence denotes This study claimed that there was transmission of swine influenza viruses from swine to human however the possibility of human to swine transmission was ruled out [156].
T235 20185-20337 Sentence denotes After a respiratory disease outbreak in nursery piglets, 15 nasal swabs were found positive for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus between December 2009 and March 2010.
T236 20338-20531 Sentence denotes Fifteen sera samples of the farm workers along with three sera from dogs and one serum obtained from a cat were negative for IAV, hence the interspecies transmission of IAV was ruled out [157].
T237 20532-20813 Sentence denotes The first report of active infection with reassortant H1N1 virus in Thai swine appeared in February 2010 but the follow up screenings conducted after two and three months, respectively confirmed the cessation of the active infection as the viral RNA was not detected anymore [158].
T238 20814-20914 Sentence denotes The reshuffling and reassortment of IAV internal genes were reported in Thai swine in February 2012.
T239 20915-21069 Sentence denotes The HA and NA genes of H1N1 virus isolates clustered with the Eurasian swine-like IAV lineage while the H3N2 viruses diverged and formed a separate group.
T240 21070-21224 Sentence denotes All the internal genes of H1N1 and H3N2 virus isolates appeared to be derived from A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses which confirmed the events of reassortments [159].
T241 21226-21232 Sentence denotes 3.2.8.
T242 21233-21240 Sentence denotes Vietnam
T243 21241-21401 Sentence denotes The events of reverse zoonoses were suggested after the detection of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus seroprevalence in Vietnamese swine during October 2009–March 2010 [160].
T244 21402-21617 Sentence denotes One more evidence of reverse zoonosis was identified during February–March 2010 after six triple-reassortant H3N2 viruses having a novel cluster of the Triple Reassortant Internal Gene (TRIG) cassette were isolated.
T245 21618-21836 Sentence denotes The HA and NA genes of these reassortant H3N2 isolates originated from human H3N2 viruses reported between 2004–2006 while the other six internal genes had a high similarity with the Korean and American isolates [161].
T246 21837-22027 Sentence denotes Two more studies reported the H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09, HIN2, and H3N2 virus isolates during February 2010–December 2013 from clinically healthy swine with no influenza disease symptoms [162,163].
T247 22028-22178 Sentence denotes Additionally, the antibodies for A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses were detected in swine which suggested a past exposure of swine to these viruses [163].
T248 22180-22186 Sentence denotes 3.2.9.
T249 22187-22192 Sentence denotes India
T250 22193-22325 Sentence denotes A high seroprevalence of H1N1, H2N2 and H3N2 viruses was detected in human and swine sera in Calcutta, India during 1982–1990 [164].
T251 22326-22483 Sentence denotes The first active infection of IAV in Indian swine appeared in 2009 when A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were reported from a swine farm located in Uttar Pradesh.
T252 22484-22671 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the retrieved A(H1N1)pdm09 virus sequences were similar to the North American and Korean viruses which might be either because of trade or long-distance transmission [165].
T253 22673-22680 Sentence denotes 3.2.10.
T254 22681-22688 Sentence denotes Lebanon
T255 22689-22813 Sentence denotes After an influenza outbreak on Lebanese poultry farms in 2005 the farmers fed the carcasses of the dead flocks to the swine.
T256 22814-23024 Sentence denotes Intriguingly, a following investigation found that three swine were seropositive for the H9N2 virus while approximately one-third of the poultry farm workers were seropositive either for H1 or H9 viruses [166].
T257 23025-23123 Sentence denotes These results revealed the interspecies transmission of IAV among poultry, farm workers and swine.
T258 23125-23132 Sentence denotes 3.2.11.
T259 23133-23141 Sentence denotes Malaysia
T260 23142-23281 Sentence denotes The seroprevalence of H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in four to six-month-old Malaysian swine at 41 swine farms was reported during May–August 2005.
T261 23282-23353 Sentence denotes Co-infections of H1N1 and H3N2 were detected in 29 swine samples [167].
T262 23355-23362 Sentence denotes 3.2.12.
T263 23363-23367 Sentence denotes Laos
T264 23368-23512 Sentence denotes The seroprevalence of H3N2 virus in swine samples obtained from the slaughterhouses in Laos was reported between May 2008 to January 2009 [168].
T265 23514-23521 Sentence denotes 3.2.13.
T266 23522-23528 Sentence denotes Russia
T267 23529-23629 Sentence denotes A full-length genome sequence of a reassortant H1N1 virus was reported from a Russian swine in 2016.
T268 23630-23775 Sentence denotes The HA and NA genes of this virus isolate shared 90% identity with the H1N1 viruses that were reported from humans in the USA in the 1980s [169].
T269 23777-23784 Sentence denotes 3.2.14.
T270 23785-23791 Sentence denotes Taiwan
T271 23792-23930 Sentence denotes The human to swine transmission of IAV was speculated after IAV antibodies were detected in 147 Taiwanese swine during June 1969–May 1970.
T272 23931-24025 Sentence denotes The results were further confirmed with virus isolation which retrieved 13 IAV isolates [170].
T273 24026-24183 Sentence denotes More recently, IBV of Victoria/B lineage was detected in swine nasal swab samples collected from apparently healthy swine at three swine farms in 2014 [171].
T274 24185-24192 Sentence denotes 3.2.15.
T275 24193-24202 Sentence denotes Indonesia
T276 24203-24306 Sentence denotes An active IAV infection in 52 swine within four provinces in Indonesia was identified during 2005–2009.
T277 24307-24393 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 39 H5N1 virus isolates were successfully retrieved and sequenced [172].
T278 24395-24402 Sentence denotes 3.2.16.
T279 24403-24412 Sentence denotes Sri Lanka
T280 24413-24542 Sentence denotes The first report of influenza in Sri Lankan swine was documented during 2004–2005 after one human-like H3N2 virus was identified.
T281 24543-24620 Sentence denotes Later, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were identified in swine during 2009–2012.
T282 24621-24691 Sentence denotes A spillover of these viruses from human to swine was speculated [173].
T283 24693-24700 Sentence denotes 3.2.17.
T284 24701-24711 Sentence denotes Kazakhstan
T285 24712-24885 Sentence denotes One recent investigation in Kazakhstan during 2017–2018 identified nine H1N1 and eight H3N2 viruses in human while seven H1N1 and four H3N2 viruses were identified in swine.
T286 24886-25014 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 10 of the human samples were also positive for IBV infection while the swine samples were negative for IBV [174].
T287 25015-25271 Sentence denotes In summary, the influenza viruses have been reported in swine in 16 Asian countries including China, Japan, Thailand, South Korea, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Taiwan, India, Bhutan, Russia, Laos, Malaysia, Lebanon, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, and Sri Lanka (Figure 4B).
T288 25272-25491 Sentence denotes Apart from the most common IAV strains of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, several avian-origin H5N1, H5N3, H4N1, H4N6, H4N8, H6N6, H7N9, H9N2, and H10N5 influenza viruses were also reported in Chinese swine.
T289 25492-25573 Sentence denotes Horse to swine transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 was reported in China.
T290 25574-25702 Sentence denotes Additionally, avian-origin H7N2, H5N2 viruses were identified in South Korean swine while H5N1 was reported in Indonesian swine.
T291 25703-25828 Sentence denotes Interestingly, after the swine were fed upon dead poultry carcasses in Lebanon the H9N2 virus was detected in Lebanese swine.
T292 25829-26002 Sentence denotes The IBV was reported in Asian swine only in Taiwan while strains of ICV were reported in swine in China and Japan while IDV was recently reported in Chinese swine (Table 1).
T293 26004-26008 Sentence denotes 3.3.
T294 26009-26048 Sentence denotes Influenza Viruses in Swine in Australia
T295 26049-26181 Sentence denotes Swine influenza was first reported in Australian swine only in 2009 after a swine farm owner reported coughing symptoms among swine.
T296 26182-26323 Sentence denotes Simultaneously, some of the human workers on the farm also developed influenza like symptoms and hence stayed out of the farm until recovery.
T297 26324-26455 Sentence denotes Later, the farm owner also developed similar symptoms following which he was tested for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus which resulted positive.
T298 26456-26666 Sentence denotes As a result, a representative number of swine showing coughing symptoms and loss in appetite were sampled for molecular diagnostics and serology which confirmed that 12 swine were positive for H1N1 virus [175].
T299 26667-26843 Sentence denotes Second report of IAV in Australian swine appeared on a Queensland farm in August 2009 when a veterinarian observed elevated temperature, coughing and loss of appetite in swine.
T300 26844-26995 Sentence denotes Simultaneously, two of the staff members on the farm exhibited influenza-like symptoms and hence were sampled for diagnostic testing using nasal swabs.
T301 26996-27103 Sentence denotes Interestingly, both the staff members and four of the swine were found positive for the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T302 27104-27328 Sentence denotes Sequencing identified that the HA gene of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus retrieved from a staff member was identical to the virus retrieved from the swine which suggested transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus between swine and human [176].
T303 27329-27532 Sentence denotes Third report of IAV in Australian swine appeared when a respiratory disease outbreak in swine and the farm workers occurred in Perth, Western Australia during 2012 which identified 43 IAV positive swine.
T304 27533-27671 Sentence denotes Sanger sequencing of HA and NA genes identified six novel HIN2, three novel H3N2, one A(H1N1)pdm09 and two seasonal H3N2 viruses in swine.
T305 27672-27769 Sentence denotes On the contrary, only one out of eight human workers were found positive for seasonal H3N2 virus.
T306 27770-27892 Sentence denotes This study could not conclude the event of zoonotic transmission of IAV between swine and human workers at the farm [177].
T307 27893-28092 Sentence denotes The fourth report of IAV was documented when 14 IAV positive swine were identified at a commercial swine farm in Western Australia during July–September 2012 and later during September–November 2016.
T308 28093-28174 Sentence denotes Additionally, 17 swine were determined to be IAV positive in southern Queensland.
T309 28175-28363 Sentence denotes The complete genomes of 10 IAV isolates retrieved in Western Australia and Queensland were successfully sequenced which identified seven H1N2, two human-like H3N2 and one H1N1 virus [178].
T310 28364-28492 Sentence denotes Overall, four reports of IAV outbreaks in swine in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia were available (Figure 4C).
T311 28493-28612 Sentence denotes The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and A(H1N1)pdm09 subtypes have been reported from Australian swine with relatively low prevalence.
T312 28614-28618 Sentence denotes 3.4.
T313 28619-28655 Sentence denotes Influenza Viruses in Swine in Europe
T314 28657-28663 Sentence denotes 3.4.1.
T315 28664-28671 Sentence denotes Belgium
T316 28672-28838 Sentence denotes The H1N1 virus was identified in swine lung tissues or trachea of two of the deceased sows after an influenza-like disease erupted at two swine farms in January 1979.
T317 28839-28944 Sentence denotes Interestingly, it was also reported that the identical virus was detected in wild ducks in Germany [179].
T318 28945-29168 Sentence denotes Since it was already established that H1N1 from wild ducks can successfully infect swine if inoculated via intranasal route [179] hence this observation suggested the transmission of H1N1 from wild ducks to the swine [180].
T319 29169-29322 Sentence denotes A second investigation isolated three avian-like H1N1, two H1N2 and twelve human-like H3N2 viruses from eight commercial swine farms in March 1999 [181].
T320 29324-29330 Sentence denotes 3.4.2.
T321 29331-29338 Sentence denotes Denmark
T322 29339-29433 Sentence denotes Denmark has been running a passive surveillance program for IAV detection in swine since 2011.
T323 29434-29606 Sentence denotes The H1N2 virus having the H1 gene which evolved from H1N1 avian-like viruses and N2 gene which evolved from human H3N2 viruses was reported in swine during 2011–2013 [182].
T324 29607-29707 Sentence denotes This was an example of how IAV can evolve through reassortment and may emerge into a new IAV strain.
T325 29708-29910 Sentence denotes The other investigation included swine sampling at different time intervals to assess the persistence of IAV shedding in Danish swine which detected one avian-like H1N1 and 107 reassortant H1N2 viruses.
T326 29911-30012 Sentence denotes This study observed that most of the swine were shedding IAV right before achieving six weeks of age.
T327 30013-30098 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, a piglet as young as just three days was found infected with IAV [183].
T328 30099-30402 Sentence denotes Two H3N2 isolates having H3 genes from seasonal human influenza along with internal genes that originated from A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and NA genes from contemporary N2 swine influenza viruses that have been in circulation in Denmark were retrieved from young piglets at two locations during 2011–2014 [184].
T329 30403-30551 Sentence denotes H3N2 virus was also detected from piglets having respiratory illness and from sows with reproductive problems in commercial piggeries in 2014 [184].
T330 30553-30559 Sentence denotes 3.4.3.
T331 30560-30574 Sentence denotes United Kingdom
T332 30575-30708 Sentence denotes The H3N2 virus antibodies were first detected in English swine in 1973 which revealed the past exposure of swine to H3N2 virus [185].
T333 30709-30834 Sentence denotes Later, the antibodies for H1N1 and H3N2 viruses were detected in swine at a slaughterhouse in England during 1991–1992 [186].
T334 30835-30958 Sentence denotes Interestingly, this serological investigation also reported the antibodies for IBV in eight and for ICV in 198 swine [186].
T335 30959-31301 Sentence denotes A molecular investigation identified a novel H1N7 virus in swine in England which had six of its RNA segments closely related to those of human viruses while two RNA segments were identical to those of equine viruses which concluded that the H1N7 strain may have evolved due to reassortment between human H1 and equine H7N7 viruses [187,188].
T336 31302-31558 Sentence denotes The first report of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in English swine appeared in September 2009 when histology and immunofluorescence assays followed by molecular diagnostics and sequencing confirmed four A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infected swine in the Northern Ireland [189].
T337 31559-31786 Sentence denotes After this, 17 more A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were reported in swine in England during September 2009–October 2010 which revealed that A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was in circulation in English swine during the 2009 flu pandemic [190].
T338 31787-32016 Sentence denotes The same year, four H1N2 virus isolates were reported in English swine which had six internal genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus along with HA and NA genes of H1N2 virus hence were identified as the novel reassortant H1N2 strains [191].
T339 32017-32121 Sentence denotes In a more recent study, two more IAV positive swine were identified in the United Kingdom in 2016 [192].
T340 32123-32129 Sentence denotes 3.4.4.
T341 32130-32137 Sentence denotes Finland
T342 32138-32525 Sentence denotes However the first report of seroprevalence of H1N1 virus in Finnish swine appeared in 2008 during an investigation which detected H1N1 virus antibodies in swine at seven swine farms which further increased to 24 swine farms in 2009 [193] but the first isolate of avian-like swine H1N1 virus (indicative of active infection) was detected from the lung tissues of a swine in February 2009.
T343 32526-32615 Sentence denotes Later, the first A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Finnish swine was detected in November 2009 [193].
T344 32616-32744 Sentence denotes Three more swine were identified with IAV antibodies during May 2011–January 2014 which was due to a past exposure to IAV [194].
T345 32746-32752 Sentence denotes 3.4.5.
T346 32753-32759 Sentence denotes France
T347 32760-32985 Sentence denotes The H1N1 viruses in turkey and swine were identified after the swine influenza outbreak hit the turkey population in Brittany, France in February 1983 which suggested that IAV transmission happened from swine to turkey [195].
T348 32986-33116 Sentence denotes Later two strains of H1N2 virus were isolated from six swine exhibiting influenza-like illness in Brittany during 1987–1988 [196].
T349 33117-33250 Sentence denotes Another investigation reported H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses in swine herds experiencing respiratory disease in Brittany region [197].
T350 33251-33500 Sentence denotes A negative prevalence of IAV was reported in wild boars in Camargue during September 2009–November 2010 given that all the 315 nasal swabs obtained from either hunted or trapped wild boars along with all the sera samples were negative for IAV [198].
T351 33501-33625 Sentence denotes A more recent investigation reported the zoonotic transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus from swine to a farmer in January 2018.
T352 33626-33874 Sentence denotes This farmer along with a veterinarian collected nasal swab samples from three pregnant sows exhibiting influenza-like illness on the swine farm and submitted to a local diagnostic laboratory for analysis which, as a result, were found IAV positive.
T353 33875-33966 Sentence denotes Few days later, the farmer and the veterinarian both developed the influenza-like symptoms.
T354 33967-34028 Sentence denotes The farmer was later diagnosed with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus [199].
T355 34030-34036 Sentence denotes 3.4.6.
T356 34037-34044 Sentence denotes Germany
T357 34045-34139 Sentence denotes Sixty-five IAV positive wild boars were identified across five German states during 1997–2006.
T358 34140-34222 Sentence denotes Cloning and sequencing identified H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in these wild boars [200].
T359 34223-34336 Sentence denotes Later thirteen H1N1, three reassorted A(H1N1)pdm09 and four H1N2 viruses were detected in swine during 2009–2010.
T360 34337-34556 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates had high similarity with the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses reported earlier in humans within Germany which suggested a reverse zoonotic transmission of the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus [201].
T361 34557-34866 Sentence denotes A nationwide sero-surveillance identified 12,585 swine with H1N1, 9,566 swine with human-like H1N2, 12,220 swine with human-like H3N2 and 11,086 swine with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus antibodies during June 2009–December 2012 which reflected a high seroprevalence of influenza viruses in German swine population [202].
T362 34867-34979 Sentence denotes Later 273 IAV positive swine exhibiting influenza-like illness were detected between January 2010–December 2013.
T363 34980-35083 Sentence denotes Subtyping successfully distinguished 198 of 273 samples into H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.
T364 35084-35202 Sentence denotes The H1N1 virus was the most widely occurring in German swine while A(H1N1)pdm09 virus had the lowest prevalence [203].
T365 35204-35210 Sentence denotes 3.4.7.
T366 35211-35217 Sentence denotes Greece
T367 35218-35423 Sentence denotes The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were detected in swine sera samples collected from apparently healthy swine at 42 swine farms during 2002–2004 and from 46 swine farms during 2010–2012 [204].
T368 35425-35431 Sentence denotes 3.4.8.
T369 35432-35437 Sentence denotes Italy
T370 35438-35597 Sentence denotes The seropositivity of Italian swine to H3N2 virus was first reported during December 1976–November 1977 when 24 swine were detected with H3N2 antibodies [205].
T371 35598-35763 Sentence denotes The first report of H1N1 active infection in Italian swine appeared during an influenza disease outbreak between 1977 to 1986 which identified 63 H1N1 viruses [206].
T372 35764-35899 Sentence denotes Further, four H3N2 viruses were detected in swine nasal swabs originated from three swine farms and an abattoir during 1981–1982 [207].
T373 35900-35974 Sentence denotes Later 47 H1N1 and 37 H3N2 viruses were detected in swine during 1992–1995.
T374 35975-36157 Sentence denotes Interestingly, four human sera samples were also positive for H1N1 and 77 samples were positive for H3N2 viruses which might be due to the transmission between human and swine [208].
T375 36158-36276 Sentence denotes Further IAV seroprevalence was detected in the age group of three-month to four-year old swine during 2002–2004 [209].
T376 36277-36447 Sentence denotes The first report of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Italian swine appeared after a respiratory disease outbreak in piggeries in Lombardia region of Northern Italy in November 2009.
T377 36448-36557 Sentence denotes Piglets experienced diarrhea and weight loss while the sows experienced reduction in reproduction rate [210].
T378 36558-36777 Sentence denotes Two more A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were reported in female swine in Sicily in December 2009 [211] while five isolates of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were identified in swine at three different locations during 2011–2012 [212].
T379 36778-36988 Sentence denotes A novel strain of reassorted H1N2 virus having 99–100% identity through six gene segments with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus along with HA and NA genes similar to H1N2 virus was reported in swine in Mantua Province [213].
T380 36989-37070 Sentence denotes Reassorted H1N2 viruses were again detected in 34 piglets during 2013–2014 [214].
T381 37071-37206 Sentence denotes Seroprevalence of Italian wild boars with one H1N1, ten H1N2, and one H3N2 viruses at two different locations was reported during 2012.
T382 37207-37326 Sentence denotes On the contrary, active infection was found only in three wild boars whose nasal swabs were positive for the IAV [215].
T383 37327-37471 Sentence denotes One more investigation reported active infection of IAV in 12 wild boars while 78 wild boars had IAV antibodies during July–December 2012 [216].
T384 37472-37582 Sentence denotes Further molecular and serological investigations detected avian-like H1N1 viruses in Italian wild boars [216].
T385 37583-37791 Sentence denotes The first complete genome sequence of IDV in Italian swine was retrieved from a symptomatic sow in 2015 which was identified to be closely related to the IDV sequence reported in Oklahoma swine in 2011 [217].
T386 37792-38002 Sentence denotes Further IDV prevalence in Italian swine was reported when 14, three and four swine were found positive for IDV antibodies in Veneto, Emilia Romagna and Lombardia regions, respectively during June 2015–May 2016.
T387 38003-38146 Sentence denotes As a result, swine clinical samples collected during 2013–2014 were investigated retrospectively for IDV prevalence but were reported negative.
T388 38147-38257 Sentence denotes An extended serological investigation detected IDV antibodies in 364 swine sera samples collected during 2015.
T389 38258-38360 Sentence denotes These findings suggested that IDV was in circulation in Italian swine population only after 2014 [45].
T390 38362-38368 Sentence denotes 3.4.9.
T391 38369-38374 Sentence denotes Spain
T392 38375-38625 Sentence denotes Isolation and characterization of 12 H3N2, nine H1N1 and one H1N2 viruses reported the prevalence of influenza viruses for the first time in Spanish swine herds experiencing the respiratory illness and pneumonia during November 2001–April 2004 [218].
T393 38626-38761 Sentence denotes More strains of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 viruses were isolated, sequenced and characterized in Spanish swine during 2006–2011 [219,220,221].
T394 38762-39026 Sentence denotes Interestingly, five H1N1, three H1N2, and four H3N2 virus isolates retrieved between January 2010 and August 2011 had significant similarities with other European isolates which was an evidence of continent-wide transmission of these swine influenza viruses [220].
T395 39028-39035 Sentence denotes 3.4.10.
T396 39036-39046 Sentence denotes Luxembourg
T397 39047-39220 Sentence denotes A molecular investigation reported a negative prevalence of IDV in swine in Luxembourg during 2009 but later successfully detected three IDV positive swine during 2014–2015.
T398 39221-39421 Sentence denotes Further, the serological investigation confirmed that swine in Luxembourg were free from IDV during 2012 but interestingly, IDV antibodies were detected in 17 swine samples collected during 2014–2015.
T399 39422-39673 Sentence denotes These observations suggested that IDV was not in circulation in swine in Luxembourg during 2009–2012 but became prevalent at a low frequency later during 2014–2015 [46] which was almost the same time IDV was reported in Italian swine populations [45].
T400 39675-39682 Sentence denotes 3.4.11.
T401 39683-39698 Sentence denotes The Netherlands
T402 39699-39931 Sentence denotes A serological investigation of swine in the Netherlands identified 601 H1N1, 584 H1N2, and 229 H3N2 virus antibodies in 29 swine herds during January–May 1999 [222] with no further evidence of IAV in swine in the country after that.
T403 39933-39940 Sentence denotes 3.4.12.
T404 39941-39947 Sentence denotes Norway
T405 39948-40240 Sentence denotes After the 18 swine which were experiencing influenza-like illness were found infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus on a Norwegian swine farm in October 2009 the surveillance was expanded to the 39 nearby swine farms which determined that 23 of these farms were positive for the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T406 40241-40370 Sentence denotes Intriguingly, one human subject at the index farm who had influenza-like symptoms was also found positive for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T407 40371-40515 Sentence denotes This study suggested that the symptoms first appeared in the human subject at the index farm and later the disease got transmitted to the swine.
T408 40516-40627 Sentence denotes Hence the findings of this study suggested the reverse zoonosis of the influenza virus from human to pig [223].
T409 40628-40776 Sentence denotes Further molecular and serological investigations identified 48 more swine herds that were positive for IAV during September 2009–October 2010 [224].
T410 40777-40963 Sentence denotes A more comprehensive nation-wide surveillance in Norwegian swine identified 16 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus positive swine herds during 2009 which later increased to 190 swine herds in 2010 [225].
T411 40964-41152 Sentence denotes Later 194 more swine were found infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Norway between April and July 2011 and reported that the IAV infected swine took longer to weigh 100 kg body mass [226].
T412 41154-41161 Sentence denotes 3.4.13.
T413 41162-41168 Sentence denotes Poland
T414 41169-41319 Sentence denotes The first active IAV infection in swine in Poland was reported in 2010 when 21 oral fluid samples collected from three swine farms detected IAV [227].
T415 41320-41426 Sentence denotes Soon after, five avian-like H1N1 viruses were reported from the swine lung tissues during 2011–2013 [228].
T416 41427-41588 Sentence denotes Later a serological surveillance identified 1212 H1N1, 851 H1N2, 1012 H3N2, and 572 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus antibodies in swine during March 2011–February 2015 [229].
T417 41589-41755 Sentence denotes Surprisingly, 34 of these swine had antibodies against all four IAV subtypes i.e., H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses [229] suggesting the past co-infections.
T418 41757-41764 Sentence denotes 3.4.14.
T419 41765-41779 Sentence denotes Czechoslovakia
T420 41780-41946 Sentence denotes The human-like H3N2 virus was isolated from a swine in Czechoslovakia during 1969–1972 [230]; however, no other reports ever appeared from the country in later years.
T421 41948-41955 Sentence denotes 3.4.15.
T422 41956-41963 Sentence denotes Hungary
T423 41964-42083 Sentence denotes Complete genome of an H1N1 virus was reported from a Hungarian swine having fever and conjunctivitis in May 2011 [231].
T424 42084-42147 Sentence denotes This was the only report of H1N1 virus in the swine in Hungary.
T425 42149-42156 Sentence denotes 3.4.16.
T426 42157-42207 Sentence denotes Multi-National Surveillances in European Countries
T427 42208-42518 Sentence denotes A large-scale investigation across seven European countries reported a high seroprevalence (˃62%) of IAV antibodies in swine populations of Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy while a relatively lower (˂21.25%) seroprevalence was observed in swine populations of Czech Republic, Poland and Ireland during 2002–2003.
T428 42519-42708 Sentence denotes Antibodies against H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses were reported in swine from the European countries under surveillance except Poland where swine had antibodies against only H1N1 virus [232].
T429 42709-42875 Sentence denotes A virological surveillance across five European countries including Belgium, United Kingdom, Italy, France and Spain reported 169 IAV positive swine during 2006–2008.
T430 42876-43065 Sentence denotes The H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses were detected in swine from Belgium, Italy, and Spain while the samples from United Kingdom and France were found infected with H1N1 and H1N2 viruses [233].
T431 43066-43506 Sentence denotes Briefly, the virological and/or serological prevalence of influenza viruses in European countries (Figure 4D) identified the strains of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in swine populations of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Germany, France, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, Czech Republic, and Czechoslovakia while the swine in Luxembourg and Italy were found infected with IDV.
T432 43508-43512 Sentence denotes 3.5.
T433 43513-43556 Sentence denotes Influenza Viruses in Swine in North America
T434 43558-43564 Sentence denotes 3.5.1.
T435 43565-43571 Sentence denotes Canada
T436 43572-43692 Sentence denotes Shortly after a respiratory disease outbreak in swine in Manitoba, an autopsy was done on a dead swine on March 1, 1967.
T437 43693-43856 Sentence denotes The histopathology confirmed the bronchitis in the deceased swine and a strain of IAV designated as “S/Manitoba/647/67” was characterized using IAV antisera [234].
T438 43857-44000 Sentence denotes The first report of H1N1 virus in Canadian swine appeared in Quebec during 1980s–1990s when five genotypes of H1N1 virus were identified [235].
T439 44001-44122 Sentence denotes Since then several studies have reported H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 viruses in Canadian swine [236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243].
T440 44123-44305 Sentence denotes Another study reported nine isolates of swine influenza viruses with an antigenic variant from the sick swine having proliferative pneumonia in Quebec, Canada during 1990–1991 [244].
T441 44306-44467 Sentence denotes In a retrospective diagnosis, only one formalin-fixed paraffin embedded swine lung tissue collected during 1991 was found IAV positive with immunohistochemistry.
T442 44468-44599 Sentence denotes This investigation suggested that immunohistochemistry can be useful in retrospective diagnosis of the swine influenza virus [245].
T443 44600-44780 Sentence denotes The broncho-intestinal pneumonia in lung tissues of dead swine was reported on a swine farm which exhibited disease symptoms including coughing, weight loss, and labored breathing.
T444 44781-44986 Sentence denotes Interestingly, before the onset of the disease symptoms, this farm conducted a routine serological surveillance of influenza virus which identified H1N1 virus in only one of the twelve swine samples [246].
T445 44987-45109 Sentence denotes Following this surveillance, a three-month old swine from the same farm was found positive for avian influenza virus H4N6.
T446 45110-45170 Sentence denotes The complete genome of this H4N6 virus was reported in 1999.
T447 45171-45241 Sentence denotes This was the first ever report of an avian-origin H4N6 virus in swine.
T448 45242-45485 Sentence denotes The proximity of the swine farm to a natural lake where several wild bird species including waterfowls which were reported to visit frequently might be the reason behind the introduction of this avian influenza virus strain to the swine [246].
T449 45486-45642 Sentence denotes Later three avian-origin H3N3 influenza virus isolates were recovered from swine in eastern Ontario exhibiting weight loss and coughing during October 2001.
T450 45643-45751 Sentence denotes On a nearby farm located approximately 30 kms away, another H3N3 virus isolate was recovered from the swine.
T451 45752-45820 Sentence denotes There was no recorded movement of the swine between these two farms.
T452 45821-45924 Sentence denotes Since these were avian-origin H3N3 viruses hence the role of birds in transmission cannot be ruled out.
T453 45925-46074 Sentence denotes Later, on a third farm, where an influenza like disease had been affecting mainly the nursery piglets, an H1N1 virus was recovered in May 2002 [247].
T454 46075-46289 Sentence denotes Reassortant H1N1 and H1N2 viruses were detected in swine nasal swab or lung tissue samples obtained from three-week old piglets and sows exhibiting typical influenza-like symptoms in Ontario during 2003–2004 [248].
T455 46290-46460 Sentence denotes First triple-reassortant (avian/classical swine/human triple-reassortant) H3N2 viruses from four swine and one human nasal samples were identified in Ontario during 2005.
T456 46461-46664 Sentence denotes The phylogenetic analysis determined that all the virus sequences were 100% identical to each other which apparently emerged from triple-reassortant H3N2 viruses reported in US based swine in 1988 [249].
T457 46665-46824 Sentence denotes One more report of triple-reassortant H3N2 (trH3N2) viruses appeared on the swine farms located in Saint-Hyacinthe, Assomption and Saint-Foy during early 2009.
T458 46825-46972 Sentence denotes The trH3N2 viruses identified in this study were determined to be closely related to North American/Canadian trH3N2 viruses reported earlier [250].
T459 46973-47176 Sentence denotes Later A(H1N1)pdm09 and H1N1 viruses having internal genes of triple reassortant H3N2 virus were reported in swine in four provinces including Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Quebec during 2009 [251].
T460 47177-47326 Sentence denotes The first evidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Canadian swine appeared in 2009 after the human workers at a swine farm developed influenza-like illness.
T461 47327-47439 Sentence denotes The investigation identified that two farm workers along with 56 swine were positive for the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T462 47440-47515 Sentence denotes Transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus from human to swine was suggested [252].
T463 47516-47653 Sentence denotes The same year 17 more swine were detected with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus after a respiratory disease outbreak hit the Alberta swine farms [253].
T464 47654-47815 Sentence denotes A reverse zoonotic transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus to swine from a human subject who visited Mexico and returned to the swine farm was reported in April 2009.
T465 47816-47979 Sentence denotes As a result, ten swine having severe disease were sacrificed for necropsy which identified lesions in the bronchioles corresponding to the influenza virus disease.
T466 47980-48045 Sentence denotes Virus isolation and sequencing identified the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T467 48046-48218 Sentence denotes Additionally, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was identified in two more human subjects who were exposed to the swine hence indicated the occurrence of zoonoses on the swine farm [254].
T468 48219-48323 Sentence denotes Later during summer 2009, ten more A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from five swine herds in Manitoba were reported.
T469 48324-48442 Sentence denotes Virus shedding was observed up to 20 days post-infection after the appearance of the clinical symptoms in swine [255].
T470 48443-48674 Sentence denotes This observation was in agreement of a previous report which documented the experimental infection of swine in the laboratory and determined that virus shedding occurs until 11th day after appearance of the clinical symptoms [256].
T471 48675-48839 Sentence denotes Another investigation reported nine A(H1N1)pdm09 and four H3N2 viruses after an influenza-like disease outbreak on a Quebec based swine farm in December 2010 [257].
T472 48840-49135 Sentence denotes The effect of microclimatic conditions on the transmission dynamics of swine IAV in the barns was studied which observed that high relative humidity in the environment during summer months suppresses the aerosol transmission of the droplets which in turn decreases the transmission of IAV [240].
T473 49136-49408 Sentence denotes The high relative humidity in the environment would facilitate the generation of larger droplets which do not tend to shrink easily and hence are less likely to be aerosol transmitted to a longer distance as they fall on the ground quickly after their formation [240,258].
T474 49409-49495 Sentence denotes As a result, a lower transmission of IAV is observed usually during the summer months.
T475 49496-49614 Sentence denotes On the contrary, the IAV transmission increases during winter months when relative humidity is relatively lower [258].
T476 49616-49622 Sentence denotes 3.5.2.
T477 49623-49636 Sentence denotes United States
T478 49637-49766 Sentence denotes The IAV was first isolated from the nasal discharge of a swine in the United States in 1931 [34] and from the human in 1933 [35].
T479 49767-50044 Sentence denotes The first report of human-origin IAV in swine appeared in the United States on 24 May 1937 after an unexpected result was observed when the serum sample of a sick swine obtained from a State Prison Farm located in New Jersey neutralized the antibodies of human influenza virus.
T480 50045-50175 Sentence denotes A series of investigations made a strikingly new observation that swine had suffered from a human strain of influenza virus [259].
T481 50176-50331 Sentence denotes Serological investigations conducted during 1950s suggested that the weight loss and mortalities among swine were due to swine influenza viruses [260,261].
T482 50332-50456 Sentence denotes Swine influenza viruses were isolated from febrile swine at nine occasions during 1965–1968 in Wisconsin and Nebraska [262].
T483 50457-50570 Sentence denotes Additionally, swine influenza antibodies were also detected in swine sera samples collected from six farms [262].
T484 50571-50844 Sentence denotes A virological surveillance conducted in Memphis, Tennessee and Madison, Wisconsin during May 1976 to June 1977 successfully isolated 478 influenza viruses from swine nasal swabs collected at abattoirs; approximately 300 of which were characterized to be swine H1N1 viruses.
T485 50845-50977 Sentence denotes Additionally, the serological surveillance identified that 21% of the 9400 swine sera samples had swine H1N1 virus antibodies [263].
T486 50978-51126 Sentence denotes A small percentage (1.4%) of swine sera samples were found positive for the swine H3N2 viruses which was further confirmed by virus isolation [263].
T487 51127-51248 Sentence denotes Interestingly, this study identified inter-species transmission of swine influenza viruses between human and swine [263].
T488 51249-51392 Sentence denotes A novel swine-origin H1N1 virus termed as “A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1)” was detected at Fort Dix Army training camp in New Jersey in January 1976.
T489 51393-51453 Sentence denotes The outbreak was localized and was limited to Fort Dix only.
T490 51454-51618 Sentence denotes As a result, 230 soldiers were found infected with this novel virus; 13 of which had severe respiratory disease with one death due to viral pneumonia [264,265,266].
T491 51619-51778 Sentence denotes Since this novel swine-origin H1N1 virus quickly disappeared from Fort Dix hence the epidemiology and the origin of the disease could not be ascertained [264].
T492 51779-51897 Sentence denotes The H1N1 and H3N2 virus antibodies were detected in swine sera collected from an abattoir in North-West United States.
T493 51898-51994 Sentence denotes Interestingly, a higher IAV seroprevalence was observed during the Fall and early winter months.
T494 51995-52128 Sentence denotes Virus isolation and sequencing identified that the H1N1 viruses were closely related to the classical H1 swine influenza virus [267].
T495 52129-52285 Sentence denotes Classical swine-like H1N1 and triple-reassortant H3N2 viruses were identified in swine samples collected across 23 states in the USA during 1998–1999 [268].
T496 52286-52462 Sentence denotes The Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MVDL) detected large number of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes of IAV in swine samples during 1998–2001 and again during 2007–2009.
T497 52463-52556 Sentence denotes Interestingly, some of the samples were co-infected with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses [269,270,271].
T498 52557-52782 Sentence denotes A second-generation reassortant H1N2 virus having genes from a reassortant H3N2 and classical H1 swine influenza viruses was obtained from the lung tissue samples of a dead sow at an Indiana swine farm in November 1999 [272].
T499 52783-52966 Sentence denotes A novel subtype of H3N1 virus termed as “A/Swine/Minnesota/00395/2004 (H3N1)” was identified during a severe respiratory disease outbreak on a swine farm in Minnesota in October 2004.
T500 52967-53258 Sentence denotes Sequencing observed that the HA gene of this strain was closely related to swine influenza H3N2 virus while the NA gene was related to classical H1N1 virus which suggested that the novel H3N1 virus emerged due to reassortment between H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in the Midwest United States [273].
T501 53259-53488 Sentence denotes Further an H2N3 subtype of IAV which may have emerged as a result of a reassortment between avian and swine influenza viruses was identified on a commercial swine farm in Minnesota in April 2006 and again in September 2006 [274].
T502 53489-53740 Sentence denotes The first evidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in US swine appeared when four A(H1N1)pdm09 and one triple-reassortant H1N2 viruses were identified and characterized in the exhibition swine in the states of Minnesota and South Dakota in 2009 [275].
T503 53741-53958 Sentence denotes During last ten years, a large number of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, A(H1N1)pdm09 along with reassortant IAV subtypes have been reported in the US swine populations [243,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289].
T504 53959-54075 Sentence denotes The United States has a large feral swine population which is considered a reservoir of H1N1 and H3N2 viruses [290].
T505 54076-54341 Sentence denotes The swine-like H1N1, avian-like H1N1, swine-like H1N2, swine-like H3N2, human-like H3N2, A(H1N1)pdm09 along with avian-like H6N2 and H7N2 viruses were identified in feral swine samples collected across 35 states in the USA between October 2009–September 2013 [291].
T506 54342-54638 Sentence denotes Histological examination of the lung tissues obtained from two backyard piglets suffering from pneumonia and weight loss in Colorado in November 2010 suggested that the piglets were infected with swine influenza virus which were later confirmed to be infected with IAV subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T507 54639-54874 Sentence denotes Since the piglets were raised at the house of a pharmacist hence a possible human to swine transmission was speculated given the possibility of an occupational exposure of the pharmacist to the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus at the pharmacy [292].
T508 54875-55039 Sentence denotes The first report of IBV infection in swine appeared when swine in the Midwest United States were found infected with IBV lineages of Yagamata/B and Victoria/B [37].
T509 55040-55173 Sentence denotes This was a new finding because initially IBV was thought to have a host range limited to human, pheasants, horses and seal [1,2,3,4].
T510 55174-55294 Sentence denotes A novel strain of swine influenza virus was detected in Oklahoma swine exhibiting influenza-like symptoms in April 2011.
T511 55295-55375 Sentence denotes The nasal swab samples taken from the swine were negative for the IAV infection.
T512 55376-55516 Sentence denotes Hence the virus isolation was attempted in swine testicle cells; the cells in culture showed influenza-like cytopathic effects by third day.
T513 55517-55665 Sentence denotes Electron microscopic observations revealed particles typical of a virus of Orthomyxoviridae family, but the RT-PCR was negative for the IBV and ICV.
T514 55666-55789 Sentence denotes After ultracentrifugation was used for virus isolation, the genome of the virus was sequenced using Ion Torrent sequencing.
T515 55790-56011 Sentence denotes The genome sequence analysis along with genetic and biochemical investigations revealed that the isolated virus was a novel Orthomyxovirus having 50% overall identity at amino acid level with human influenza C virus [43].
T516 56012-56233 Sentence denotes Since this novel virus was genetically and antigenically distinct from ICV therefore, later was proposed to be categorized as a new genus of Orthomyxoviridae family which was later accepted as influenza D virus (IDV) [5].
T517 56234-56362 Sentence denotes Later, two feral swine which were shot dead in a cotton field in Texas in June 2011 were found infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
T518 56363-56550 Sentence denotes The significant identity of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolated from these two feral swine with human A(H1N1)pdm09 virus suggested a possible transmission between human and the feral swine [290].
T519 56551-56829 Sentence denotes Another study reported seroprevalence of H3N2 virus in one feral swine from Mississippi and in five feral swine from the state of California in 2005 but a negative seroprevalence was reported in the feral swine samples obtained from the states of Florida, Oklahoma and Missouri.
T520 56830-57009 Sentence denotes Additionally, the seroprevalence of IAV was reported in feral swine from Texas where a total of 68 out of 472 feral swine sera were found positive for H3N2 and H1N1 viruses [293].
T521 57010-57243 Sentence denotes Another investigation detected H3N2 virus RNA in only one feral swine from a pool of samples collected across 31 states in the USA during 2011–2012 which indicated a negligible active influenza infection in US feral swine population.
T522 57244-57522 Sentence denotes On the contrary, ELISA identified IAV antibodies in 182 feral swine samples while the serological subtyping identified H3N2 virus antibodies in 76 feral swine samples collected from 19 states which indicated a significant past exposure of US feral swine to the H3N2 virus [294].
T523 57523-57767 Sentence denotes Further, seroprevalence of IDV was reported in 49 feral swine samples collected from Oklahoma, Texas, Hawaii and North Carolina during October 2012–September 2013 which provided the first evidence of past IDV infections in US feral swine [295].
T524 57768-57957 Sentence denotes A study investigating virus shedding in nursery piglets found that all 81 piglets under investigation were shedding H3N2 virus starting seventh day of arrival into the barns until 29th day.
T525 57958-58023 Sentence denotes Shedding was still observed in some piglets until 39th day [296].
T526 58024-58214 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 48 of these nursery piglets were also identified shedding H1N1 virus starting at the third day of arrival into the barns until 41st day over a 53-day observation period [296].
T527 58215-58316 Sentence denotes This was the new information which identified that young nursery piglets could get infected with IAV.
T528 58317-58516 Sentence denotes The oral fluid samples collected from 25 neonatal piglets at four Oklahoma based swine farms during May–August 2014 [297] were found infected with different IAV subtypes including H1, N1, H3, and N2.
T529 58517-58599 Sentence denotes This study supported the use of swine oral fluid samples in IAV diagnostics [285].
T530 58600-58747 Sentence denotes The swine oral fluid samples were also collected in North and South Carolina during June to August 2014 using the cotton rope hanging method [298].
T531 58748-58917 Sentence denotes In this method of sampling, swine are encouraged to chew the rope, as a result, saliva accumulates on the rope which is later squeezed to collect the sample aseptically.
T532 58918-59117 Sentence denotes One of the benefits of this method of sampling is that each sample does not represent an individual swine but rather represents multiple swine that chewed the rope while hanging inside the pen [298].
T533 59118-59311 Sentence denotes Another benefit of this sampling method is that swine oral samples may contain contaminants like feed and feces but this method minimizes the chances of such contaminations in the sample [299].
T534 59312-59547 Sentence denotes Another investigation carried out metagenomic sequencing of swine nasal and rectal swabs obtained from apparently healthy swine which identified 11 IAV positive swine at three abattoirs and a buying station in USA in August 2015 [300].
T535 59548-59709 Sentence denotes In a striking observation, an avian-lineage H4N6 virus was isolated and sequenced from 7–8-month-old gilts on a Missouri based swine farm in December 2015 [301].
T536 59710-59866 Sentence denotes The investigators collected more samples at different time points for next few months at the same farm to assess the transmission of H4N6 virus among swine.
T537 59867-60042 Sentence denotes No other samples were found positive for the H4N6 virus which suggested that the H4N6 virus did not transmit from swine-to-swine and therefore disappeared from the index farm.
T538 60043-60130 Sentence denotes Interestingly, this extended study identified three H1N1 viruses infecting swine [301].
T539 60131-60390 Sentence denotes One large-scale study identified that 23 percent (2 947/12,814) of the swine samples were positive for the IAV in Mid-West United States between July 2011–March 2017, however, sequencing could identify only 173 H1 and H3 subtypes among positive samples [302].
T540 60391-60637 Sentence denotes A human to swine transmission of IAV was suggested when two human-like H3N2 virus isolates were identified from an Oklahoma based swine farm in 2017 which had high similarity with the human-like H3N2 viruses reported earlier from Baltimore [303].
T541 60639-60645 Sentence denotes 3.5.3.
T542 60646-60652 Sentence denotes Mexico
T543 60653-60727 Sentence denotes Maya people represent ethnolinguistic groups in South and Central America.
T544 60728-60844 Sentence denotes The practice of household swine keeping put the Maya people at high risk of contracting the swine influenza viruses.
T545 60845-61092 Sentence denotes Thirty-one sera samples collected from the Maya people in Mexico were identified having antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 viruses while 93 other sera had antibodies against the H3 subtype of IAV, representing a past exposure to these viruses [304].
T546 61093-61353 Sentence denotes However, this study did not include swine samples for investigation but since swine were household animals in their backyard hence the IAV seroprevalence of the Maya people could be because of a past transmission of these viruses from the backyard swine [304].
T547 61354-61520 Sentence denotes A retrospective study identified antibodies against swine-like H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09, H3N2, and human-like H1N1 viruses in backyard swine in Mexico between 2000 to 2009.
T548 61521-61685 Sentence denotes This investigation retrospectively determined that the classical-swine H1N1 virus was most widely present in Mexican swine before the 2009 influenza pandemic [305].
T549 61686-61876 Sentence denotes Further, a significant number of swine experiencing respiratory illness had H1N1 or H3N2 virus antibodies in commercial piggeries in Sonora Province of Mexico during October 2008–March 2009.
T550 61877-62044 Sentence denotes The molecular diagnostics and subtyping determined four H1 and two H3 viruses while 19 other IAV positive samples could not be subtyped given the low viral load [306].
T551 62045-62169 Sentence denotes During the influenza virus pandemic in Mexico in 2009, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was first identified in a single swine nasal swab.
T552 62170-62266 Sentence denotes Additionally, H3N2, A(H1N1)pdm09 and IBV viruses were detected in four symptomatic humans [307].
T553 62267-62442 Sentence denotes The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolate retrieved from the swine was believed to be the first from the sister lineage of the pandemic influenza virus isolates reported in Mexico [307].
T554 62443-62545 Sentence denotes Further 59 IAV isolates were retrieved from Mexican swine having respiratory illness during 2010–2014.
T555 62546-62636 Sentence denotes Intriguingly, this study identified 13 reassorted genotypes of IAV in Mexican swine [308].
T556 62637-62923 Sentence denotes This investigation also reported that IAV introduction into Mexican swine may have occurred through three different routes; human to swine transmission; reassortment between human-like H3N2 and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus; and through the long-distance movement of the swine from USA and Europe.
T557 62924-63114 Sentence denotes A periodic introduction of IAV in Mexican swine occurred with the import of American and European swine to Mexico over two decades in 1980s and 1990s before the 2009 influenza pandemic [33].
T558 63115-63205 Sentence denotes Fifty-eight IAV whole genome sequences were retrieved from Mexican swine during 2010–2014.
T559 63206-63289 Sentence denotes Genome sequence analysis identified classical H1N1, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.
T560 63290-63444 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the data obtained in this study suggested independent evolution of IAV in the Mexican swine population in different regions of the country.
T561 63445-63570 Sentence denotes Phylogeny determined that Mexico City was the source of the 2009 influenza pandemic which erupted during March–May 2009 [33].
T562 63571-63724 Sentence denotes Later a reassortant H1N2 virus which had the genes from human and swine influenza viruses was isolated and sequenced from a swine in November 2014 [309].
T563 63726-63732 Sentence denotes 3.5.4.
T564 63733-63742 Sentence denotes Guatemala
T565 63743-63941 Sentence denotes The molecular diagnostics identified a total of 104 IAV positive commercial and backyard swine in Guatemala during 2010–2011 which resulted into three A(H1N1)pdm09 and one H3N2 virus isolates [310].
T566 63943-63949 Sentence denotes 3.5.5.
T567 63950-63954 Sentence denotes Cuba
T568 63955-64139 Sentence denotes The first report of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in commercial piggeries in Cuba appeared in November 2010 when 24 swine were found positive for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus across five swine farms [311].
T569 64140-64288 Sentence denotes Further, five more IAV positive swine were detected in Pinar del Rio province of Western Cuba having respiratory illness and interstitial pneumonia.
T570 64289-64442 Sentence denotes However only one IAV positive sample could be successfully subtyped as A(H1N1)pdm09 virus having reassorted internal genes, all except the NA gene [312].
T571 64444-64450 Sentence denotes 3.5.6.
T572 64451-64470 Sentence denotes Trinidad and Tobago
T573 64471-64655 Sentence denotes In a more recent investigation, a high seroprevalence of IAV (114/309) was detected in swine in Trinidad and Tobago which later identified H3N2 and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in swine [313].
T574 64656-64764 Sentence denotes In summary, the H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were reported in North American swine population.
T575 64765-64970 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the avian influenza virus strain H4N6 was detected in US based swine while H3N3 and H4N6 were identified in the Canadian swine and H5N2 was reported in the Mexican swine in 2018 (Figure 4E).
T576 64971-65042 Sentence denotes Mexico City was identified to be the origin of 2009 influenza pandemic.
T577 65043-65154 Sentence denotes It was also ascertained that A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was present in Mexican swine well before 2009 pandemic erupted.
T578 65156-65160 Sentence denotes 3.6.
T579 65161-65174 Sentence denotes South America
T580 65176-65182 Sentence denotes 3.6.1.
T581 65183-65192 Sentence denotes Argentina
T582 65193-65367 Sentence denotes After influenza virus outbreak hit a swine farm in Buenos Aires in November 2008, one of the five dead swine were diagnosed with viral pneumonia through immunohistochemistry.
T583 65368-65536 Sentence denotes A full genome of H3N2 virus sharing 96–98% nucleotide sequence identity with H3N2 viruses reported in North America during 2000–2003 was recovered from the swine [314].
T584 65537-65754 Sentence denotes An H1N1 virus was reported from a swine after a swine farm manager along with his spouse experienced influenza-like symptoms few days before the outbreak erupted in the swine at a Buenos Aires based farm in June 2009.
T585 65755-65829 Sentence denotes The influenza disease symptoms lasted for about a week in nursery piglets.
T586 65830-65999 Sentence denotes Immunohistochemistry identified necrotizing bronchiolitis in four of the swine post-mortem samples while one sample had severe inflammation in the bronchiolar epithelia.
T587 66000-66201 Sentence denotes The serological investigation detected IAV antibodies in most of the sera samples collected after 15 days of onset of clinical symptoms however the active infection was reduced to only six swine [315].
T588 66202-66501 Sentence denotes The third investigation carried out histopathology which identified lung lesions compatible to the influenza virus infection in nine swine necropsy samples at a Buenos Aires based swine farm in October 2009 and later in eight swine necropsy samples originated from a Santa Fe based farm in May 2010.
T589 66502-66730 Sentence denotes The swine at Buenos Aires farm were found infected with H1N1 virus while the swine at the Santa Fe farm retrieved one H1N2 and three human-like reassortant A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates which had triple reassortant internal genes.
T590 66731-66830 Sentence denotes This was the first report of human-like reassortant A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in swine in Argentina [316].
T591 66831-67070 Sentence denotes Later two more investigations using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, serology, and molecular analyses reported H1N2, H3N2, and reassortant H3N2 viruses with A(H1N1)pdm09 internal genes in swine in Argentina during 2011–2012 [317,318].
T592 67072-67078 Sentence denotes 3.6.2.
T593 67079-67085 Sentence denotes Brazil
T594 67086-67329 Sentence denotes Several H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, human-like H1N1, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have been identified in Brazilian swine from the Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo provinces in Brazil during and after 2009 [319,320,321,322,323,324,325].
T595 67330-67460 Sentence denotes A technician who visited a Minas Gerais swine farm experiencing influenza outbreak developed similar respiratory disease symptoms.
T596 67461-67714 Sentence denotes The nasal swab sample was obtained from the technician, as a result, one A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was isolated which was closely related to the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses reported from the swine herd in the Minas Gerais which was recently visited by the technician.
T597 67715-67842 Sentence denotes Hence it was concluded that a zoonotic transmission from swine to the technician occurred at the Minas Gerais swine farm [326].
T598 67843-68065 Sentence denotes An immunohistochemical investigation demonstrated microscopic lesions suggesting broncho-interstitial pneumonia in the lung tissues of four severely sick piglets at a swine farm located in Parana province in February 2011.
T599 68066-68122 Sentence denotes The A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were isolated from two piglets.
T600 68123-68193 Sentence denotes Additionally, a novel reassortant H1N2 virus was also recovered [327].
T601 68194-68295 Sentence denotes One more investigation identified that A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was the most prevalent IAV subtype in sows.
T602 68296-68415 Sentence denotes The co-infections of sows with A(H1N1)pdm09, H1N2, or H3N2 subtypes were also documented in Rio Grande do Sul province.
T603 68416-68562 Sentence denotes These findings were noteworthy because the coinfections may trigger reassortments and thus may facilitate emergence of novel strains of IAV [328].
T604 68563-68676 Sentence denotes Later two more H1N2 viruses were isolated and characterized from swine in Rio Grande do Sul province during 2013.
T605 68677-68881 Sentence denotes The sequences of both the isolates had high nucleotide similarity to each other in different genome segments in the range of 98.9% to 100% which suggested a common source of origin of both isolates [329].
T606 68883-68889 Sentence denotes 3.6.3.
T607 68890-68898 Sentence denotes Colombia
T608 68899-68993 Sentence denotes The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was identified in seven swine farms in Colombia during 2008–2009 [330].
T609 68995-69001 Sentence denotes 3.6.4.
T610 69002-69006 Sentence denotes Peru
T611 69007-69116 Sentence denotes The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus antibodies were detected in 110 backyard swine in Peru during March 2009–October 2011.
T612 69117-69325 Sentence denotes Total four A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates were retrieved and sequenced which determined that there were at least two separate events of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus transmission from human to backyard swine in Peru [331].
T613 69327-69333 Sentence denotes 3.6.5.
T614 69334-69339 Sentence denotes Chile
T615 69340-69438 Sentence denotes The backyard productive systems (BPS) for raising swine, cattle, and poultry are popular in Chile.
T616 69439-69715 Sentence denotes A molecular investigation reported a negative active IAV infection across 113 BPS units within ten counties in Chile during 2012–2014 but the serological investigation detected IAV antibodies in swine at two BPS units which suggested a past exposure of swine to the IAV [332].
T617 69716-69879 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the HA gene sequence of an H12 virus was obtained from a domestic Muscovy duck at one of the BPS which appeared to have originated from a wild bird.
T618 69880-69968 Sentence denotes This suggested a spillover of the IAV from wild reservoir to the domestic poultry [332].
T619 69969-70124 Sentence denotes Another study reported the prevalence of H1N2 virus in swine reared at 40 different BPS having poultry and swine in El Yali wetland during 2013–2014 [333].
T620 70125-70278 Sentence denotes One more study identified four swine sera samples (4/64; 6.3%) that were found positive for IAV antibodies collected from different BPS in Central Chile.
T621 70279-70382 Sentence denotes One pool of swine nasal swab samples (1/39; 2.6%) was also detected IAV positive with real-time RT-PCR.
T622 70383-70518 Sentence denotes Interestingly, 7.9% chicken, 4.3% ducks and 11.1% geese samples collected from 329 BPS in Central Chile also had active IAV infections.
T623 70519-70641 Sentence denotes The breeding practice of poultry and swine in the BPS was determined to be a major risk factor for IAV transmission [334].
T624 70642-70839 Sentence denotes Briefly, the IAV strains of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have been reported from the swine in Argentina and Brazil while A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was reported in swine in Colombia and Peru.
T625 70840-70903 Sentence denotes Swine in Chile were found infected with H1N2 virus (Figure 4F).
T626 70904-71031 Sentence denotes In summary, total 281 research articles were identified which reported several influenza viruses in swine populations globally.
T627 71032-71212 Sentence denotes The highest number of studies were reported from Asia (n = 107), followed by North America (n = 76), Europe (n = 55), South America (n = 21), Africa (n = 18) and Australia (n = 4).
T628 71213-71344 Sentence denotes The highest number of reports per country were documented in United States (n = 40) followed by China (n = 39) and Canada (n = 24).
T629 71345-71431 Sentence denotes Until February 2020, influenza viruses have been reported from 53 countries worldwide.
T630 71432-71567 Sentence denotes Four subtypes of IAV including H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were most frequently detected in swine populations (Table 1).
T631 71568-71865 Sentence denotes Most of the large-scale studies used serological investigations including ELISA, hemagglutinin inhibition (HI), neuraminidase inhibition (NI), virus neutralization (VN), or microneutralization (MN) assays for the determination of the seroprevalence and subtyping of the influenza viruses in swine.
T632 71866-71952 Sentence denotes Several investigations used virus isolation for the confirmation and subtyping of IAV.
T633 71953-72100 Sentence denotes Most of the virological investigations used one-step real-time RT-PCR and/or reverse-transcription PCR for influenza virus detection and subtyping.
T634 72101-72299 Sentence denotes Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing using MiSeq or Ion Torrent sequencing successfully generated the influenza virus sequences from the swine samples for epidemiological interpretations.
T635 72300-72500 Sentence denotes Histological examinations including immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence were used to examine the swine lung or other internal organ tissue samples for the influenza virus diagnostics (Table 2).