LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7271924 / 15609-19166 JSONTXT 14 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T126 0-24 Sentence denotes Bacteria and Lactoferrin
T127 25-216 Sentence denotes One of the most well-known characteristics of LF is that it is antibacterial (19, 144–148), antiviral (99, 149–151), antifungal (152–154), anti-inflammatory (26), and anti-carcinogenic (155).
T128 217-315 Sentence denotes Its ability to of limit iron availability to microbes is one of its crucial amicrobial properties.
T129 316-387 Sentence denotes Bacteria have, however, developed various ways to sequester iron (156).
T130 388-559 Sentence denotes Figure 4 shows how bacteria acquire iron through receptor-mediated recognition of transferrin, hemopexin, hemoglobin, or hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes and also LF (30).
T131 560-715 Sentence denotes As well as binding it directly from the environment, bacterial siderophores can obtain iron by removing it from transferrin, lactoferrin, or ferritin (32).
T132 716-804 Sentence denotes These siderophore-iron complexes are then recognized by receptors on the bacterium (30).
T133 805-1043 Sentence denotes Host innate immune functions are supported by the circulating protein, siderocalin, also known as Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), lipocalin2 or Lcn2 as it inhibits siderophore-mediated iron acquisition and release (30).
T134 1044-1114 Sentence denotes Figure 4 Ways by which bacteria acquire iron [adapted from (19, 30)].
T135 1115-1209 Sentence denotes Transferrin receptor, lactoferrin receptor, hemophore (Hp), hemophore receptor, and hemopexin.
T136 1210-1309 Sentence denotes Siderophores remove iron from lactoferrin, ferritin and transferrin, and also from the environment.
T137 1310-1392 Sentence denotes Stealth siderophores are modified in such a way as to prevent siderocalin binding.
T138 1393-1489 Sentence denotes A primary bacterial defense against siderocalin involves the production of stealth siderophores.
T139 1490-1535 Sentence denotes Modified from Rosa et al. and Skaar (19, 30).
T140 1536-1592 Sentence denotes Diagram created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/).
T141 1593-1759 Sentence denotes Although LF has various means to counteract bacteria as part of its immune function (131), it is also capable of being hijacked to benefit the activities of bacteria.
T142 1760-1838 Sentence denotes Thus, bacteria can also exploit LF by removing its bound ferric iron (19, 30).
T143 1839-2158 Sentence denotes This process involves (1) synthesis of high-affinity ferric ion chelators by bacteria, (2) iron acquisition through LF or transferrin binding, mediated by bacterial-specific surface bacterial receptors, (3) or iron acquisition through bacterial reductases, which are able to reduce ferric to ferrous ions (19, 144–148).
T144 2159-2343 Sentence denotes Several Gram-negative pathogens including members of the genera Neisseria and Moraxella have evolved two-component systems that can extract iron from the host LF and transferrin (157).
T145 2344-2417 Sentence denotes N. meningitidis is a principal cause of bacterial meningitis in children.
T146 2418-2664 Sentence denotes While the majority of pathogenic bacteria employ siderophores to chelate and scavenge iron (158), Neisseria has evolved a series of protein transporters that directly hijack iron sequestered in host transferrin, lactoferrin, and hemoglobin (159).
T147 2665-2967 Sentence denotes The system consists of a membrane-bound transporter that extracts and transports iron across the outer membrane (TbpA for transferrin and LbpA for lactoferrin), and a lipoprotein that delivers iron-loaded lactoferrin/transferrin to the transporter (TbpB for transferrin and LbpB for lactoferrin) (157).
T148 2968-3057 Sentence denotes LbpB binds the N-lobe of lactoferrin, whereas TbpB binds the C-lobe of transferrin (157).
T149 3058-3270 Sentence denotes However, more than 90% of LF in human milk is in the form of apolactoferrin (160), which competes with siderophilic bacteria for ferric iron, and disrupts the proliferation of these microbial and other pathogens.
T150 3271-3357 Sentence denotes Similarly LF supplements may play an important role to counteract bacterial processes.
T151 3358-3474 Sentence denotes LF is consequently a significant element of host defense (19), and its levels may vary in health and during disease.
T152 3475-3557 Sentence denotes It is hence known to be a modulator of innate and adaptive immune responses (161).