LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7243768 / 58582-68536 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T423 0-33 Sentence denotes 7 Therapeutics for coronaviruses
T424 34-141 Sentence denotes Ribavirin, an anti-viral agent, is a nucleoside analog and is used for the treatment of SARS-CoV infection.
T425 142-377 Sentence denotes The mechanism of action of this drug includes that the drug inhibits the DNA and RNA replication, disrupting the synthesis of guanosine triphosphate by the inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme [[131], [132], [133]].
T426 378-610 Sentence denotes 5′ triphosphate metabolite of ribavirin, which inhibits the virus's polymerase activity, viral capping inhibition, and induces lethal mutagenesis in the RNA genome of the virus, resulting in the anti-viral effect of ribavirin [134].
T427 611-684 Sentence denotes The route of drug administration includes aerosol, oral, and intravenous.
T428 685-731 Sentence denotes This drug is used to treat SARS-CoV infection.
T429 732-919 Sentence denotes It has resulted in severe adverse effects, including anemia in about 27–59% of tested patients, which further led to dreadful outcomes such as tissue hypoxia [[135], [136], [137], [138]].
T430 920-1071 Sentence denotes Also, it elevated the levels of transaminases and resulted in hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, developed the risk of teratogenicity and bradycardia [139].
T431 1072-1271 Sentence denotes Lopinavir and ritonavir, protease inhibitors are used in combination to treat SARS-CoV as the drugs were effective against the virus [135]; whereas, this combination is usually used in HIV treatment.
T432 1272-1420 Sentence denotes The ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A metabolism of lopinavir, thereby making the drug available for a longer time by increasing the serum concentration.
T433 1421-1661 Sentence denotes The lopinavir and ritonavir exhibited very few adverse effects, and beneficial outcomes of this combination of drugs include decreased viral load, increase in the lymphocytic count, and a reduced need for “rescue” pulse steroid doses [140].
T434 1662-1706 Sentence denotes Viral infection activates the immune system.
T435 1707-1837 Sentence denotes The corticosteroids have been used to eliminate and inhibit the cytokine storm and further, which has been initiated by the virus.
T436 1838-2054 Sentence denotes The viral infection affects a cascade of the immune system, which leads to the production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor, IL-1, IL-6, and interferon-gamma, which results in injury to the tissue [141,142].
T437 2055-2348 Sentence denotes Another possible treatment is the usage of convalescent plasma where the plasma from a recovered patient is transferred to an infected patient, which results in the adaptive immune response against the infectious agent since the recovered patients have antibodies against the infectious agent.
T438 2349-2448 Sentence denotes The convalescent plasma had been shown as a better treatment option for SARS-CoV affected patients.
T439 2449-2567 Sentence denotes This treatment reduced the mortality rate, improved the medical condition of the patient [[143], [144], [145], [146]].
T440 2568-2710 Sentence denotes According to the Chinese report, in-vitro treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with hydroxychloroquine had resulted in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 growth.
T441 2711-3030 Sentence denotes Along with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin was also administered at a dosage of 500 mg, the patients treated with a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin exhibited 100% cure and tested negative for PCR results; whereas, the patients treated with hydroxychloroquine alone exhibited only 57.1% success rate.
T442 3031-3158 Sentence denotes This combinational therapy might be an approachable way to cure COVID-19 and needs to be tested over a large sample size [147].
T443 3159-3263 Sentence denotes Another drug combination, which includes lopinavir and ritonavir, had no in-vitro evidence for COVID-19.
T444 3264-3391 Sentence denotes Also, the clinical trials are being carried out on malarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (represented in Table 2 ).
T445 3392-3470 Sentence denotes Some scientists say that these drugs are not recommendable against SARS-CoV-2.
T446 3471-3571 Sentence denotes Since there are no scientific proofs available and it might be harmful, leading to heart arrhythmia.
T447 3572-3713 Sentence denotes Table 2 Elucidating various drugs used to treat SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, along with their mechanism of action and adverse effects.
T448 3714-3720 Sentence denotes S. no.
T449 3721-3790 Sentence denotes Drug Effective against Mechanism of action Adverse effects References
T450 3791-3793 Sentence denotes 1.
T451 3794-3980 Sentence denotes Ribavirin SARS-CoV Anti-viral nucleoside analog – inhibits the viral genomic replication Anemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, developed the risk of teratogenicity and bradycardia [118].
T452 3981-3983 Sentence denotes 2.
T453 3984-4065 Sentence denotes Lopinavir SARS-CoV Protease inhibitors Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache [122]
T454 4066-4068 Sentence denotes 3.
T455 4069-4150 Sentence denotes Ritonavir SARS-CoV Protease inhibitors Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache [122]
T456 4151-4153 Sentence denotes 4.
T457 4154-4273 Sentence denotes Methylprednisolone SARS-CoV Anti-inflammatory effect The onset of diabetes, avascular necrosis, osteoporosis. [132,133]
T458 4274-4276 Sentence denotes 5.
T459 4277-4384 Sentence denotes Corticosteroids SARS-CoV Inhibits pro-inflammatory effects Aspergillosis and fungal superinfection [49,134]
T460 4385-4387 Sentence denotes 6.
T461 4388-4538 Sentence denotes Methylprednisolone (0.5–1 mg/kg) followed by hydrocortisone (100 mg/8 h) and pulse doses of methylprednisolone (0.5 g for 3 d) Lung diseases – – [124]
T462 4539-4541 Sentence denotes 7.
T463 4542-4640 Sentence denotes Convalescent plasma SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 Adaptive or passive immune response – [135,139]
T464 4641-4643 Sentence denotes 8.
T465 4644-4809 Sentence denotes Lopinavir/ritonavir MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 Not effective against MERS, anti-viral therapy for pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache [140]
T466 4810-4812 Sentence denotes 9.
T467 4813-4923 Sentence denotes Pegylated interferon-α Hepatitis-C, MERS-CoV Inhibits DNA synthesis Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache [140]
T468 4924-4927 Sentence denotes 10.
T469 4928-5101 Sentence denotes Lopinavir/ritonavir and IFN-β MERS-CoV Improves pulmonary, reduce viral load, and necrosis in lungs and extrapulmonary tissues Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache [143,144]
T470 5102-5105 Sentence denotes 11.
T471 5106-5315 Sentence denotes Hydroxychloroquine SARS-CoV-2, Malaria Blocks maturation of endosome, maturation and its function by inhibiting the release of virions in the infected cell Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness [112]
T472 5317-5356 Sentence denotes 7.1 SARS-CoV-2 and anti-TNFα treatment
T473 5357-5473 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 mild/moderately affected patients exhibit symptoms such as dry cough, fever, and shortness of breath.
T474 5474-5679 Sentence denotes In the case of severely affected individuals, hyperactivation of immune cells leads to the cytokine storm, which is created upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in the inflammation at the targeted tissues.
T475 5680-5798 Sentence denotes Therefore, inhibiting the pro-inflammatory candidates might be a potential therapeutic option to treat COVID-19 [148].
T476 5799-6006 Sentence denotes Anti-TNF therapy was approved and has been utilized for 20 years as a promising option to treat autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease [149].
T477 6007-6122 Sentence denotes TNF is the key enhancer of inflammation and also present in the blood of COVID-19 severely affected patients [150].
T478 6123-6215 Sentence denotes Therefore, prescribing anti-TNF therapy may help to prevent the aggression of the infection.
T479 6216-6308 Sentence denotes It has been reported that patients with inflammatory bowel disease contracted with COVID-19.
T480 6309-6412 Sentence denotes One hundred sixteen patients were on anti-TNF therapy, of whom 99 recovered, and only one patient died.
T481 6413-6595 Sentence denotes Therefore, the usage of anti-TNF therapy may stand as a promising therapy to prevent the progression of the viral infection by inhibiting the key pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF [148].
T482 6597-6638 Sentence denotes 7.2 SARS-CoV-2 and soluble ACE2 receptor
T483 6639-6749 Sentence denotes ACE2 is required for the degradation of Ang II to Ang (1–7), reducing the blood pressure through vasodilation.
T484 6750-6931 Sentence denotes ACE2 exists as both membranous forms, which are found to be anchored to the plasma membrane and the soluble form, circulating in the bloodstream but at a lower proportion [151,152].
T485 6932-7078 Sentence denotes Besides serving as an entry point for SARS-CoV-2, the higher levels of ACE2 are required by the hypertension patient to reduce the blood pressure.
T486 7079-7171 Sentence denotes Therefore, the ACE2 levels need to be maintained besides inhibiting the entry of SARS-CoV-2.
T487 7172-7517 Sentence denotes Thus, the usage of human recombinant soluble ACE2 (hrsACE2) which exhibited positive results in the phase I and phased II clinical trials to elevate the soluble form of ACE2that competes with the membranous ACE2 for binding with SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits the viral entry and replication can be considered as a therapeutic option to treat COVID-19.
T488 7518-7636 Sentence denotes Besides inhibiting the viral entry, it also sustains the ACE2 levels required for the degradation of Ang II [153,154].
T489 7637-7704 Sentence denotes Currently, hrsACE2 has been approved as a treatment option of ARDS.
T490 7705-7810 Sentence denotes African green monkey kidney derived cell line; namely, Vero E6 was cultured and infected with SARS-CoV-2.
T491 7811-7909 Sentence denotes Then the infected culture was added with hrsACE2 to estimate the therapeutic potential of hrsACE2.
T492 7910-8059 Sentence denotes 15 h post-infection, the viral replication was found to be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner with reference to the concentration of hrsACE2 added.
T493 8060-8290 Sentence denotes The addition of hrsACE2 to the embryonic stem cells derived kidney organoids comprised of proximal tubular cells and podocytes clusters infected with SARS-CoV-2 had shown to reduce the viral replication in a dose-dependent manner.
T494 8291-8418 Sentence denotes No studies support the in-vivo and the therapeutic roles of hrsACE2 on the pulmonary cells upon SARS-CoV-2 infection [153,155].
T495 8419-8585 Sentence denotes Therefore, the usage of hrsACE2 can be a potential therapeutic option to inhibit the viral infection besides preserving the ACE2 levels and blood pressure in control.
T496 8587-8665 Sentence denotes 7.3 FDA approved drug for SARS-CoV-2, remdesivir but not effective against it
T497 8666-8773 Sentence denotes The treatment of remdesivir in COVID-19 patients is not effective against it instead of FDA approved drugs.
T498 8774-8923 Sentence denotes Out of 236 patients, 158 patients received remdesivir at a dosage of 200 mg on 1st day, followed by 100 mg from days 2–10 daily as a single infusion.
T499 8924-9031 Sentence denotes 78 out of the 236 patients were assigned to the placebo group and were administered with placebo infusions.
T500 9032-9232 Sentence denotes The presence and quantification of RNA were carried out on 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after administration of the drug, and the samples were collected as nasopharyngeal, fecal and anal swabs.
T501 9233-9358 Sentence denotes One hundred two participants from the remdesivir group and 50 participants from the placebo group exhibited adverse outcomes.
T502 9359-9512 Sentence denotes The adverse effects in the remdesivir group include hypokalaemia, hypoalbuminemia, thrombocytopenia, increased total bilirubin, anemia, and constipation.
T503 9513-9676 Sentence denotes The placebo group's adverse effects include anemia, constipation, elated aspartate, aminotransferases, hypoalbuminemia, elevated total bilirubin, and blood lipids.
T504 9677-9804 Sentence denotes Many participants discontinued from the remdesivir group due to the severe adverse effects such as respiratory failure or ARDS.
T505 9805-9954 Sentence denotes Even though remdesivir has been declared an emergency anti-viral therapy by the FDA, it was found that it was not effective against SARS-CoV-2 [156].