LitCovid-sentences  

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T184 0-13 Sentence denotes 6 SARS-CoV-2
T185 15-46 Sentence denotes 6.1 SARS-CoV-2 – heart disease
T186 47-208 Sentence denotes ACE2 plays a vital role in the cardiovascular system and is mainly involved in the functioning of the heart and development of hypertension and type II diabetes.
T187 209-438 Sentence denotes Since ACE2 is the main target for the SARS-CoV-2 to enter inside the host cell and the ACE2 is also highly expressed in the heart apart from the lungs, indicating a chance of developing cardiac issues during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T188 439-572 Sentence denotes The anti-hypertensive therapy that has been prescribed for the patients is the usage of ACEi and ARBs should be carefully considered.
T189 573-826 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 patients with comorbidities hypertension, taking the drug of ACEi or blocker of angiotensin receptor, need to switch off to other anti-hypertensive medications found to be controversial and require further studies this co-morbid conditions.
T190 827-984 Sentence denotes The severity of the viral infection is higher in patients with comorbidities than those infected only by the virus without any predisposed health issue [85].
T191 985-1183 Sentence denotes The interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 triggers a signal, which might be the reason to develop heart injury through the immune response triggered by T-helper cells creating a cytokine response.
T192 1184-1249 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 has a structural similarity with that of SARS-CoV.
T193 1250-1322 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV caused severe cardiovascular damage during its pandemic period.
T194 1323-1432 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is essential to investigate SARS-CoV-2 treatment options and ensure a cardio-protective effect.
T195 1433-1592 Sentence denotes The age and the predisposition of the acute coronary syndrome are the two critical factors which need to be considered in patients affected with COVID-19 [85].
T196 1593-1778 Sentence denotes Since the ACE2 is highly expressed in pericytes, the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and predisposed with cardiac failure are more susceptible to develop severe cardiac problems [86].
T197 1779-2124 Sentence denotes The usage of mineralocorticoids receptor blocker can attenuates oxidative stress, reduces the level of ACE with the augmented production of the angiotensin 1–7 and attenuates the angiotensin II generation and increases the activity of ACE2 The antagonist of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, have modulates the profilin-1 expression and ACE2 [87].
T198 2125-2259 Sentence denotes The selective of the angiotensin II activity or synthesis mediated the augmented level of ACE2 expression and its activity in cardiac.
T199 2260-2363 Sentence denotes Still, the combination of the lisinopril and losartan increases the activity of ACE2 but not ACE2 mRNA.
T200 2364-2571 Sentence denotes The inhibition of ACE results in reduced formation of angiotensin II and metabolism of angiotensin 1–7, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist increases the metabolism of angiotensin II via ACE2 [88].
T201 2572-2745 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV 2 enters into the cell via the ACE2 receptor; this causes the decreased level of the ACE2 due to the binding of the spike protein to the ACE2 and no changes in ACE.
T202 2746-2920 Sentence denotes This process causes the virus's entry, replicates it, and causes tissue injury via decreasing anti-atrophy, anti0-fibrosis, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, and vasodilation.
T203 2921-3172 Sentence denotes On the other hand, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor causes pro-atrophy, pro-fibrosis, pro-inflammation, pro-oxidant, severe myocardial remodeling, vasoconstriction and vascular permeability which leads to tissue injury [89] (represented in Table 1).
T204 3173-3351 Sentence denotes Therefore, the use of ACEi, ARBs, and mineralocorticoids has shown to have an impact on the cardiac patients affected by COVID-19, but the exact mechanism behind it is not clear.
T205 3352-3535 Sentence denotes Aliskiren, a direct inhibitor of renin, resulted in reduced expression of ACE2 besides reducing the blood pressure that has been elucidated in diabetic nephropathy animal models [90].
T206 3536-3685 Sentence denotes Therefore, renin blockers, especially aliskiren, need to be further investigated as a treatment option for COVID-19 patients with comorbidities [91].
T207 3687-3726 Sentence denotes 6.2 SARS-CoV-2 – gastrointestinal risk
T208 3727-3834 Sentence denotes The ACE2 is also highly expressed in the small intestine and large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract.
T209 3835-3984 Sentence denotes The S protein present on the envelope of the SARS-CoV-2 ensures higher binding affinity, thereby mediating the entry of the virus into the host cell.
T210 3985-4094 Sentence denotes The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal tract was confirmed by nucleocapsid staining of the virus.
T211 4095-4215 Sentence denotes The virus was found to be visualized in the cytoplasm of epithelia of duodenum and rectum [92] (represented in Table 1).
T212 4216-4408 Sentence denotes Apart from the pulmonary infection, the COVID-19 affected patients also exhibited vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which was first reported in a 35 years old man from the United States.
T213 4409-4500 Sentence denotes He was presented with nausea and diarrhea on 2nd day of the infection and was hospitalized.
T214 4501-4674 Sentence denotes Stools examination revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, which was confirmed by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on day 7 of infection [93].
T215 4675-4837 Sentence denotes Out of 171 COVID-19 affected children, 6.4% of them have shown vomiting, and 8.8% of them and 3 out of ten affected children have shown diarrhea as symptoms [94].
T216 4838-4927 Sentence denotes Also, previously there were two COVID-19 young cases reported with vomiting and diarrhea.
T217 4928-5064 Sentence denotes In China, from 552 hospitals, 1099 cases were reported, of which 3.8% and 5% were diagnosed with diarrhea and vomiting as symptoms [95].
T218 5065-5272 Sentence denotes According to another report, out of 140 COVID-19 patients from Wuhan, 39.6% exhibited gastrointestinal symptoms apart from 5% exhibiting vomiting, 12.9% exhibiting diarrhea, and 17.3% exhibiting nausea [96].
T219 5273-5448 Sentence denotes It was reported that 17 patients had shown a negative result when tested using pulmonary samples, but when tested using rectal swabs have shown to have a positive result [96].
T220 5449-5642 Sentence denotes Similarly, 8 out of 10 children affected by SARS-CoV-2 had shown dual results, negative results when tested by nasopharyngeal samples, and positive results when tested using a rectal swab [97].
T221 5643-5840 Sentence denotes The percentage of patients exhibiting nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea as symptoms vary between the cohort groups, whereas, in the case of certain groups, these symptoms contributed very few percent.
T222 5841-5959 Sentence denotes In contrast, in the case of the other groups, a high percentage of these gastrointestinal symptoms have been recorded.
T223 5961-5989 Sentence denotes 6.3 SARS-CoV-2- kidney risk
T224 5990-6137 Sentence denotes It is suspected that whether the patients with predisposed kidney issues or COVID-19 induced acute kidney injury is fatal to the affected patients.
T225 6138-6392 Sentence denotes In an article posted on March 19 by HospiMedica International staff writers, it was mentioned that patients affected by COVID-19 developed proteinuria estimated by the elevated levels of albumin in urine were diagnosed in the initial stages of infection.
T226 6393-6669 Sentence denotes The majority of the affected members, i.e., 34% out of 59 patients, developed proteinuria where the elevated albumin levels serve as a biomarker for kidney damage, and 63% of the patients exhibited proteinuria and hematuria characterized by the presence of blood in the urine.
T227 6670-6742 Sentence denotes In another study conducted on 710 patients hospitalized due to COVID-19.
T228 6743-6870 Sentence denotes The impairment in the functioning of the kidney was observed in 27% of the 59 patients and 66% of the corona infected patients.
T229 6871-7024 Sentence denotes In a later study conducted on COVID-19 affected patients from 710 hospitals, 26.7% exhibited only hematuria, and 44% exhibited proteinuria and hematuria.
T230 7025-7100 Sentence denotes The impaired kidney function was found in 15% of the study population [98].
T231 7101-7383 Sentence denotes According to an article published by Wang L and his colleagues reported that out of 116 COVID-19 positive cases from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, out of whom 111 didn't have any kidney issues in their history and the remaining five patients had chronic kidney disease (CDK).
T232 7384-7589 Sentence denotes Also, out of the 111 patients, only 10.8% of the patients exhibited a slight increase in creatine or blood urea nitrogen levels, and 7.2% of the patients had shown a minute raise in the albuminuria levels.
T233 7590-7696 Sentence denotes None of the patients out of 111 didn't exhibit any acute kidney injury (AKI) after the COVID-19 infection.
T234 7697-7907 Sentence denotes The remaining five patients who were already undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) also didn't show any fatal effects after COVID-19 infection confirmed by diagnosing the renal indicators [99].
T235 7908-8047 Sentence denotes Out of 701 patients, 2% of the patients were found to have CKD, and the average lymphocytic number was found to be reduced than the normal.
T236 8048-8120 Sentence denotes High sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were significantly increased.
T237 8121-8231 Sentence denotes In patients reported with high levels of serum, creatine indicated high levels of serum lactose dehydrogenase.
T238 8232-8334 Sentence denotes Among hospitalized patients, patients with high levels of serum creatine were mostly old and male sex.
T239 8335-8423 Sentence denotes Also, they exhibited lower platelet and lymphocytic count and elevated leukocytic count.
T240 8424-8552 Sentence denotes The patients with elevated procalcitonin also exhibited elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase.
T241 8553-8648 Sentence denotes Acute kidney injury was significantly higher in those patients with high serum creatine levels.
T242 8649-8716 Sentence denotes AKI eventually results in mortality [100] (represented in Table 1).
T243 8717-8958 Sentence denotes Therefore, advanced identification of kidney diseases in patients affected by COVID-19 may help the clinicians to reduce the mortality rate due to comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, proteinuria, and hematuria.
T244 8960-8995 Sentence denotes 6.4 SARS-CoV-2 – diabetes mellitus
T245 8996-9139 Sentence denotes Patients with diabetes mellitus exhibit high levels of ACE2, and treatment with the inhibitors of ACE and ARBs augments the expression of ACE2.
T246 9140-9294 Sentence denotes Diabetes condition may lead to the suspicion that the excessive expression of ACE2 aids the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells resulting in COVID-19.
T247 9295-9424 Sentence denotes Since diabetes mellitus and hypertension conditions are treated, ACE2 increasing drugs are having a severe risk of COVID-19 [10].
T248 9425-9600 Sentence denotes Simultaneously, the elevated expression of ACE2 ensures the entry of the SARS-CoV-2, attaching to the ACE2 enzyme with the help of S protein present on its envelope's surface.
T249 9601-9781 Sentence denotes There forth, it became controversial whether COVID-19 affected patients who are predisposed with diabetes mellitus should be resumed with their treatment with ACEi and ARBs or not.
T250 9782-9909 Sentence denotes Also, if the medication is abruptly ceased, there are chances that the patient may die due to hypertension instead of COVID-19.
T251 9910-10180 Sentence denotes For this reason, it has been suggested that there is no need to stop the medication of a diabetic patient even though if he is affected by COVID-19 because there is no scientific evidence available conducted on human subjects regarding whether to use ACEi and ARBs [10].
T252 10182-10210 Sentence denotes 6.5 SARS-CoV-2-liver injury
T253 10211-10359 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 infection has shown to increase the levels of ALT, AST, and bilirubin levels, indicating injury to the hepatic tissue [9,95,101,102].
T254 10360-10523 Sentence denotes Apart from these liver serum enzymes indicating hepatic damage, the levels of albumin were significantly decreased, indicating the severity of the infection [101].
T255 10524-10627 Sentence denotes The elated levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were observed only in patients with severe cases.
T256 10628-10773 Sentence denotes In contrast, thealkaline phosphatize (AKP) levels remained unchanged irrespective of the severity of the infection [37] (represented in Table 1).
T257 10774-10883 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 share the similarity in making an entry into the host cell through the ACE2 receptor.
T258 10884-11075 Sentence denotes In addition to the type 2 cells in the lungs, both the bile duct cells and hepatocytes also express ACE2, which might be the reason that liver injury occurs during SARS-CoV-2 infection [103].
T259 11076-11186 Sentence denotes The bile duct epithelial cells are involved in immune responses and the regeneration of the hepatocytes [104].
T260 11187-11420 Sentence denotes Besides possessing a high number of ACE2 on its surface, bile duct cells are more prone to the SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in liver injury, which indicates that the hepatocytes are not directly involved in the hepatic injury [37].
T261 11421-11577 Sentence denotes The histopathological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients revealed mild lobular and portal activity and restrained microvascular steatosis [105].
T262 11578-11674 Sentence denotes The degree of liver damage is directly proportional to the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T263 11675-11730 Sentence denotes Still, the reason for the liver injury remains elusive.
T264 11731-11840 Sentence denotes A recent study reported that the use of anti-viral medication lopinavir might result in hepatic damage [102].
T265 11841-11976 Sentence denotes Therefore, whether the liver injury is due to the virus entry or due to the drugs used as anti-viral medication needs to be elucidated.
T266 11978-12005 Sentence denotes 6.6 SARS-CoV-2-lung injury
T267 12006-12170 Sentence denotes It was possible to study the lung pathology of COVID-19 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 retrospectively after undergoing lung lobectomy surgery for adenocarcinoma.
T268 12171-12281 Sentence denotes Also, the patients didn't present pneumonia at the time of surgery, indicating the initial stages of COVID-19.
T269 12282-12404 Sentence denotes A female patient who was 80 years old was hospitalized due to an irregularly shaped solid nodule in the right middle lobe.
T270 12405-12502 Sentence denotes On a postoperative day 1, a CT scan was performed, which indicated a few clinical manifestations.
T271 12503-12658 Sentence denotes Later, the patient was presented with increased leucocytes, decreased lymphocytic count, chest tightness, wheezing, dry cough, and difficulty in breathing.
T272 12659-12770 Sentence denotes Later findings confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 infected her from a patient in the same room who was already affected.
T273 12771-12950 Sentence denotes Another patient who was 73 years old and had a medical history of hypertension from 20 years who underwent surgery for adenocarcinoma was discharged on the 6th-day post-operation.
T274 12951-13070 Sentence denotes On postoperative day 9, the patient exhibited chest tightness, muscle pain, dry cough, and decreased lymphocytic count.
T275 13071-13179 Sentence denotes His CT-scan findings revealed for viral pneumonia, and he was also tested positive for the 20,189-nC0V test.
T276 13180-13227 Sentence denotes He was admitted to the infectious disease ward.
T277 13228-13277 Sentence denotes After, 20 days he was discharged as he recovered.
T278 13278-13525 Sentence denotes Histopathological findings showed focal reactive hyperplasia of pneumocytes with patchy inflammatory cellular infiltration, edema, multinucleated giant cells, protruding hyaline membranes, and proteinaceous exudates [106] (represented in Table 1).
T279 13526-13615 Sentence denotes The patients, who are recovered from COVID-19, have a possibility of chronic lung damage.
T280 13616-13734 Sentence denotes Out of 70 COVID-19 pneumonia patients, 66 patients have lung damage in a different manner, which was determined by CT.
T281 13735-13930 Sentence denotes This damage is in a diverse range; in the alveoli, there is a hardened tissue with the dense clumps which block the vessels in the tiny air sacs, which absorb the oxygen and cause tissue lesions.
T282 13931-13995 Sentence denotes This tissue lesion acts as a sign of the long-term lung disease.
T283 13996-14058 Sentence denotes Similar reports have been found in both the SARS CoV and MERS.
T284 14059-14132 Sentence denotes The patients admitted with lung pneumonia shows damage in both the lungs.
T285 14133-14270 Sentence denotes The CT scan of the COVID-19 patients indicates that there is a tissue lesion found over the alveoli and which can develop into the scars.
T286 14271-14356 Sentence denotes There are >2.9 million people have COVID-19 disease worldwide, according to April 27.
T287 14357-14465 Sentence denotes 80% of the patients are having a high risk of problems, such as from breathing to respiratory failure [107].
T288 14467-14491 Sentence denotes 6.7 SARS-CoV-2-CNS risk
T289 14492-14629 Sentence denotes Mathew reported that it might be due to the obstructions in the nervous system, which may restrict the entry of air into the lungs [108].
T290 14630-14694 Sentence denotes The virus enters the medullary neurons during the latency phase.
T291 14695-14880 Sentence denotes A possible mechanism explained was that the SARS-CoV-2 might enter the olfactory lobe of the brain through nasal chambers upon inhalation and may lead to inflammation and demyelination.
T292 14881-14970 Sentence denotes Later, it spreads to the whole brain due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
T293 14971-15107 Sentence denotes Some neurological symptoms exhibited by the COVID-19 infection patients include nausea, vomiting, and headache (represented in Table 1).
T294 15108-15322 Sentence denotes Since the SARS-CoV-2 possess the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it is important to design the drugs in such a way that they can cross the blood-brain barrier and scavenges the brain from viral infection.
T295 15323-15530 Sentence denotes Also, it is essential to note that the respiratory illness accompanies neurological invasion by the virus, therapeutic care must be taken to prevent the viral entry into the central nervous system (CNS) [7].
T296 15532-15565 Sentence denotes 6.8 SARS-CoV-2 – immunopathology
T297 15566-15638 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection mediates immune response, both innate and adaptive.
T298 15639-15734 Sentence denotes The enhanced level of the innate response and decreased level of adaptive causes tissue damage.
T299 15735-15785 Sentence denotes Upon viral infection, there is an immune response.
T300 15786-15911 Sentence denotes T cells, especially the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) and a group of differentiation 8 (CD8+), have an anti-viral role.
T301 15912-15978 Sentence denotes CD8+ T cells are highly cytotoxic, and they killed infected cells.
T302 15979-16119 Sentence denotes This T cell induces the pro-inflammatory cytokines through nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) signaling.
T303 16120-16184 Sentence denotes This process further activates the cytokines and chemokines [7].
T304 16185-16451 Sentence denotes Similar to SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2 infection in the immune effector cells are also having the enhanced level of the cytokines such as IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-12, TGFβ, IL-33 and TNF-α and chemokines such as CCL2, CCL5, CCL3, CXCL10, CXCL9, and CXCL8.
T305 16452-16567 Sentence denotes Similar to this, severe MERS-CoV infected patient's serum shows an increased level of the cytokines and chemokines.
T306 16568-16689 Sentence denotes This cytokine storm further causes multiple organ failures to further leads to the death of the SARS-CoV-2 patient [109].
T307 16690-16817 Sentence denotes On the other hand, the T-cells are having four types of it, such as Th1, Th2, Th17 (inflammatory), and anti-inflammatory Tregs.
T308 16818-16854 Sentence denotes These Th2 cells generate IL-4 cells.
T309 16855-16982 Sentence denotes The compound which can block the Th1 (Boost immune system) tends to augments the level of the Th2 (anti-inflammatory response).
T310 16983-17042 Sentence denotes IL-4 triggers the Th2 cells and obstructs the Th1 response.
T311 17043-17124 Sentence denotes This Th2 helps to repair form tissue dysfunction and another type of malfunction.
T312 17125-17281 Sentence denotes It is found to be good that the increased level of the Th1 and Th17 plays an important role in hyperactive immune response and during autoimmune conditions.
T313 17282-17401 Sentence denotes It is showed that there is an induction of the Th1/Th17 and the production of antibodies upon COVID-19 condition [110].
T314 17402-17490 Sentence denotes Contradict to this; the patient has a high level of Th2 in need of intensive care [111].
T315 17491-17660 Sentence denotes During the MERS condition, there is a reduced level of both the Th1 and Th2, which further enhances the inflammatory cytokines and causes more infection and death [112].
T316 17661-17768 Sentence denotes SARS patients who died with an older age have higher cytokines of Th2, such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-5 [113].
T317 17769-17863 Sentence denotes This incidence supports the increased Th2 level of COVID-19 patients who needs intensive care.
T318 17864-17997 Sentence denotes The mechanism behind this is based on the molecular weight of the protein of SARS-CoV2; the activity of the immune system is changed.
T319 17998-18027 Sentence denotes The recent research by the F.
T320 18028-18145 Sentence denotes Javier Martín Oncina in 2020 showed that based on the antigen molecular weight, the host's immune response is varied.
T321 18146-18305 Sentence denotes The proteins of the SARS-CoV2 are spike protein with 140 kDa, Envelope protein with 10 kDa, Membrane protein with 25 kDa, and nucleocapsid protein with 50 kDa.
T322 18306-18492 Sentence denotes The protein with more than >70 kDa, such as spike protein, cannot be arrested by the B-cell, thereby it activates the inflammatory response through the Th1 response with the macrophages.
T323 18493-18579 Sentence denotes This process occurs in the subcapsular sinus and through dendritic cells phagocytosis.
T324 18580-18725 Sentence denotes The other proteins with <70 kDa are found in the protein of SARS-CoV2, which activates the receptor of B-cell and stimulates Th2 immune response.
T325 18726-18872 Sentence denotes The unremittingviral particle overload, which is unrestricted by the viral cell lysing, will be terminated by the Th1 (pro-inflammatory response).
T326 18873-18978 Sentence denotes Further, it increases the protein level with a weight of <70 kDa stimulates the B cells in large amounts.
T327 18979-19315 Sentence denotes This induction of the B-cells leads to the condition called as Activated Induced Cell Death (AICD), which speediness the apoptosis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines cause lymphopenia, thereby it produces IL-10, augments the shift of Th2 form Th1 response which causes further suppression of immune system, COVID-19 sepsis [114].
T328 19316-19561 Sentence denotes Correlative to that that COVID-19 patients with the high level of Th2 immune response need intensive care [111], which shows that they might be having apoptosis, lymphopenia, and suppression of immune system further causes COVID-19 sepsis [114].
T329 19562-19655 Sentence denotes Though the cell death is via Th2 immune response but the level of IL-4 is not elucidated yet.
T330 19656-19747 Sentence denotes The role of IL-4 and its mechanism behind COVID-19 remain elusive (Represented in Fig. 2 ).
T331 19748-19837 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 SARS-CoV-2 enters into the host cell via binding with the cellular receptor ACE-2.
T332 19838-19916 Sentence denotes It undergoes the fusion with the joining of the plasma membrane and the virus.
T333 19917-20055 Sentence denotes Then it undergoes the process of the proteolytic cleavage; further, it will undergo replication and lead to the formation of the proteins.
T334 20056-20138 Sentence denotes This process activates the signaling pathway, such as the NF-kB pathway, via TRIF.
T335 20139-20218 Sentence denotes The interaction between the cells and the virus activates many cytokine storms.
T336 20219-20414 Sentence denotes On the other hand, once the virus enters into the cell, the antigen present in that would undergo the antigen presentation cells (APC); further, this stimulates the humoral and cellular immunity.
T337 20415-20591 Sentence denotes COVID-19 infects the macrophage cells, which presents to the T cell, further, which leads to the activation, differentiation of T-cells, along with the production of cytokines.
T338 20592-20656 Sentence denotes This shows the negative action on the activation of CD8 T cells.
T339 20657-20737 Sentence denotes Thus the mediator produced by the CD8+ T cells clears the infection of SARS-CoV.
T340 20738-20892 Sentence denotes Upon COVID-19 infection, there is a reduced CD4+ and CD8+ cell level, further increasing the cytokine level in the cells, which triggers the inflammation.
T341 20893-21097 Sentence denotes This mediates the production of the cytokine storm via secreting chemokine and cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-21, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL10, TNF-β, and MCP-1 and triggers the tissue injury.
T342 21098-21258 Sentence denotes On the other hand, based on the weight of the protein of SARS-CoV2, there is an activation of Th1/Th17 (boosts immune system) when the spike protein is >70 kDa.
T343 21259-21620 Sentence denotes In case of the Th2 (anti-inflammatory) is activated by the majority of the protein with <70 kDa, then the activation of the B-cell receptor, which causes activation-induced cell death such as apoptosis and lymphopenia which is by releasing IL-10, shifting of Th1 to Th2 immune response, suppression of the immune system and further leads to the COVID-19 sepsis.
T344 21621-21666 Sentence denotes The role of IL-4 has not been elucidated yet.
T345 21667-21754 Sentence denotes It remains unanswerable upon COVID-19 condition with the mechanism of Th2 and Th1/Th17.
T346 21755-21828 Sentence denotes The wet lung is also known as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
T347 21829-21910 Sentence denotes The patient with COVID-19 has lung edema, and it needs more attention clinically.
T348 21911-22072 Sentence denotes Lung edema is found to be a symptom of acute lung injury, which development to hypoxemia condition and which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
T349 22073-22130 Sentence denotes The patients who are found with ARDS have more mortality.
T350 22131-22270 Sentence denotes Though there is no proper treatment or vaccine treatment, ventilation with the therapy of oxygen and ventilation mechanically is mandatory.
T351 22271-22408 Sentence denotes Sometimes, the treatment with the glucocorticoids (systemic or locally) would help attenuate lung edema and pulmonary inflammation [115].
T352 22409-22524 Sentence denotes But there is a need for more research to correlate the cytokine storm with wet lung pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.
T353 22526-22555 Sentence denotes 6.9 SARS-CoV-2 – ocular risk
T354 22556-22873 Sentence denotes The ACE2 receptors are also widely distributed in the superficial parts such as conjunctiva and cornea inferior parts such as iris, ciliary body, aqueous humor, trabecular meshwork, retina, and non-pigmented ciliary epithelium of the ocular globe which is mentioned out to be the intraocular renin-angiotensin system.
T355 22874-23028 Sentence denotes Therefore, the distribution of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein must be taken into consideration to study the passage of infection through the ocular route [116].
T356 23029-23243 Sentence denotes Also, there is a chance for the virus to enter into the nasal cavity, which causes respiratory illness and the digestive system through the lacrimal canaliculi aided by the effectiveness of the tear film [117,118].
T357 23244-23419 Sentence denotes Out of 38 COVID-19 positive patients, 12 exhibited clinical manifestations, which include chemosis, epiphora, increased secretions, conjunctivitis, and conjunctival hyperemia.
T358 23420-23655 Sentence denotes Researchers reported that patients exhibiting ocular symptoms would have elevated neutrophilic and lymphocytic counts, elated procalcitonin, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein levels than those without ocular manifestations.
T359 23656-23727 Sentence denotes The patients with ocular manifestations exhibited severe illness [119].
T360 23728-23952 Sentence denotes Even though there is no such evidence, the presence of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein in the corneal limbal stem cells suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 may enter the bloodstream and travel to the other parts including the brain [120].
T361 23953-24132 Sentence denotes Even though there is no viral load in the conjunctiva of the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients without conjunctivitis, the risk of transmission of the virus through tears is low [121].
T362 24133-24221 Sentence denotes The exact mechanism behind the ocular risk and SARS-CoV-2 need to be elucidated further.
T363 24223-24253 Sentence denotes 6.10 SARS-CoV-2 – cancer risk
T364 24254-24316 Sentence denotes Cancer patients are highly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T365 24317-24381 Sentence denotes 18 out of 1590 COVID-19 positive cases exhibited cancer history.
T366 24382-24597 Sentence denotes 5 out of 18 patients suffered from lung cancer, 4 out of 18 patients had no past information on medication and had undergone surgery or chemotherapy in the previous month, and the remaining 12 were cancer survivors.
T367 24598-24691 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 was highly severe in cancer patients than non-cancer COVID-19 affected patients.
T368 24692-24804 Sentence denotes Also, COVID-19 patients with cancer exhibited a severe chain of symptoms than those without a history of cancer.
T369 24805-24926 Sentence denotes Also, patients with lung cancer did not exhibit severe symptoms when compared to those with other types of cancers [122].
T370 24927-25039 Sentence denotes In a retrospective study conducted among 1276 patients, 28 patients who have cancer were selected for the study.
T371 25040-25129 Sentence denotes The mean age group people belonged to the elderly category, and 60.7% of them were males.
T372 25130-25244 Sentence denotes Lung cancer was the most frequent type, followed by oesophageal and breast cancers among cancer affected patients.
T373 25245-25303 Sentence denotes 10 out of 28 patients were presented with IV stage cancer.
T374 25304-25463 Sentence denotes 28.6% of the patients developed COVID-19 while receiving antitumor therapy, whereas 71.4% of them developed due to the presence of infection in their vicinity.
T375 25464-25552 Sentence denotes Besides, 39.2% of the patients exhibited chronic co-morbid conditions apart from cancer.
T376 25553-25687 Sentence denotes 28.6% of patients died, and the remaining patients developed serious consequences even after receiving anti-viral and corticosteroids.
T377 25688-25810 Sentence denotes The most common complication developed by the patients includes septic shock, acute myocardial infarction, and ARDS [123].
T378 25811-25939 Sentence denotes Therefore, more focus should be laid on the research for medication and treatment options for COVID-19 affected cancer patients.
T379 25940-26028 Sentence denotes More studies are required to determine the exact mechanism behind cancer and SARS-CoV-2.
T380 26030-26061 Sentence denotes 6.11 SARS-CoV-2 – tuberculosis
T381 26062-26242 Sentence denotes A study was conducted in February 2020, Shenyang, China, which involved 36 COVID-19 positive patients and was classified based on the severity of the symptoms as mild and critical.
T382 26243-26401 Sentence denotes The results of these patients were compared with that of the patients affected by pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Shenyang chest hospital.
T383 26402-26515 Sentence denotes The study was conducted to determine which one caused severe pneumonia, either the viral or the bacterial strain.
T384 26516-26760 Sentence denotes Then the severity of tuberculosis was compared between the mild and severe COVID-19 cases and confirmed that tuberculosis due to mycobacterial strain affected patients are more susceptible to COVID-19 and enhance the severity of COVID-19 [124].
T385 26761-26903 Sentence denotes Patients with HIV undergoing treatment with antiretroviral medicines exhibit weak immune systems and are more susceptible to viral infections.
T386 26904-26992 Sentence denotes Also, until now, only one HIV case had been reported with COVID-19 infection from china.
T387 26993-27072 Sentence denotes The patient recovered from the infection the same as that of those without HIV.
T388 27073-27167 Sentence denotes There is no evidence on whether HIV patients are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection [125].
T389 27168-27316 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 associated TB is found in 94th day of the nonexistence of public health interventions and 138th day in the occurrence of interventions.
T390 27317-27458 Sentence denotes This occurs at the peak of an outbreak where the implementation of the intervention, out of it 11,066, is with the presence of interventions.
T391 27459-27564 Sentence denotes 27,968 COVID-19 cases found in the absence of interventions, out of it 14,823, are with no interventions.
T392 27565-27674 Sentence denotes This scenario shows that there is a need to take preventive measures of TB associated with COVID-19 patients.
T393 27675-27731 Sentence denotes They need a prior diagnosis and proper management [126].
T394 27732-27902 Sentence denotes The main reasons for mortality are age, sex, and other co-morbid factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and renal diseases are the main reasons for mortality.
T395 27904-27945 Sentence denotes 6.12 SARS-CoV-2 – Venous thromboembolism
T396 27946-28018 Sentence denotes People affected with pneumonia are more prone to venous thromboembolism.
T397 28019-28173 Sentence denotes Out of 1026 COVID-19 patients, 40% of them exhibited high risk, and 11% of them at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism without any prophylaxis.
T398 28174-28231 Sentence denotes Prophylactic measures can prevent venous thromboembolism.
T399 28232-28348 Sentence denotes Only 7 out of 140 patients at high risk for venous thromboembolism had recorded about the anticoagulation treatment.
T400 28349-28404 Sentence denotes And 44 out of 407 exhibited a higher risk for bleeding.
T401 28405-28610 Sentence denotes In these patients, the mechanical compressions such as intermittent pneumatic compression and elastic compression stockings are instructed, and the duration and dosage of anticoagulants should be adjusted.
T402 28611-28824 Sentence denotes Also, the COVID-19 patients, along with other co-morbid conditions such as cardiovascular manifestations, respiratory failure, renal and hepatic problems, can affect the bleeding status and venous thromboembolism.
T403 28825-28973 Sentence denotes Therefore, further investigations are required to reduce the risk due to venous thromboembolism and bleeding in the case of COVID-19 patients [127].
T404 28975-29010 Sentence denotes 6.13 SARS-CoV-2- reproductive risk
T405 29011-29096 Sentence denotes Viral infections during the first 20 weeks of gestation have shown to be more severe.
T406 29097-29250 Sentence denotes The infections, such as SARS and MERS, which occurred due to coronaviruses, had reported an increased risk for pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity.
T407 29251-29316 Sentence denotes Such cases among COVID-19 affected patients are not yet reported.
T408 29317-29467 Sentence denotes Nine women who are in their third semester and infected with COVID-19 were reported to have outcomes as that of non-pregnant COVID-19 affected adults.
T409 29468-29677 Sentence denotes In another study, out of 33 newborn infants, three infants were shown to be tested positive for COVID-19 who got the disease transferred from their mother through intrauterine vertical transmission mode [128].
T410 29679-29712 Sentence denotes 6.14 SARS-CoV-2 – mental illness
T411 29713-29901 Sentence denotes According to a report, out of a group of 50 COVID-19 cases from a psychiatric hospital in Wuhan, China has uplifted the worry about the role of mental disorder in coronavirus transmission.
T412 29902-30029 Sentence denotes The conditions include incomplete or no awareness of the risk, inability to have personal protection, and cognitive impairment.
T413 30030-30158 Sentence denotes The treatment has become more challenging for people with COVID-19 infection and health disorders as co-morbid conditions [129].
T414 30160-30208 Sentence denotes 6.15 SARS-CoV-2 – aging and cardiovascular risk
T415 30209-30290 Sentence denotes It has been reported that the expression of ACE2 reduces with the increasing age.
T416 30291-30383 Sentence denotes Since young patients possess high levels of ACE2, they are more prone to COVID-19 infection.
T417 30384-30547 Sentence denotes Whereas, in old age people other than reduced ACE2 levels, other co-morbid conditions such as cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and hypertension might be present.
T418 30548-30665 Sentence denotes The medication prescribed for these patients helps in elevating the ACE2 levels, which might enhance the viral entry.
T419 30666-30771 Sentence denotes Though the treatment reduces the co-morbid severities, the viral infection is enhanced in those patients.
T420 30772-30964 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is conclusive that young patients, even though they are more susceptible to the COVID-19 infection, they are less severely affected and exhibit elevated angiotensin II signaling.
T421 30965-31082 Sentence denotes Whereas, the older patients who exhibit low levels of ACE2 and higher angiotensin II signaling leads to hypertension.
T422 31083-31266 Sentence denotes The usage of ACEi and ARBs help in promoting the vasodilatory effects by elevating the ACE2 levels, thereby becoming susceptible to COVID-19 infection and are severely affected [130].