LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7242012 / 115-14501 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T5 0-35 Sentence denotes Watch the interview with the author
T6 36-49 Sentence denotes Abbreviations
T7 50-86 Sentence denotes ACE2 angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2
T8 87-133 Sentence denotes CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
T9 134-167 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 coronavirus disease 2019
T10 168-190 Sentence denotes CT computed tomography
T11 191-226 Sentence denotes FDA US Food and Drug Administration
T12 227-245 Sentence denotes IL‐6 interleukin‐6
T13 246-300 Sentence denotes RT‐PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
T14 301-339 Sentence denotes SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome
T15 340-369 Sentence denotes WHO World Health Organization
T16 370-548 Sentence denotes On December 29, 2019, health authorities in China reported 27 cases of an unusual pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death linked to attendance at a live animal market in Wuhan.
T17 549-661 Sentence denotes 1 , 2 On January 7, 2020, Chinese scientists confirmed a novel coronavirus, 2019‐nCoV, as the causative agent.
T18 662-948 Sentence denotes 3 Studies revealed >80% genetic homology of 2019‐nCoV with coronaviruses of bats, presumably the original host; pangolins, suggesting this animal sold at the market as an intermediate host; and another human coronavirus, SARS‐CoV, the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
T19 949-1035 Sentence denotes 3 , 4 All evidence indicates that SARS‐CoV‐2 is of animal and not laboratory origin.
T20 1036-1174 Sentence denotes 5 The World Health Organization (WHO) later named the novel virus SARS‐CoV‐2 and the related disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).
T21 1175-1267 Sentence denotes 2 , 3 SARS‐CoV‐2 spread quickly through communities in China and other countries (Fig. 1).
T22 1268-1422 Sentence denotes On January 20, 2020, the first case was recognized in the United State when a 35‐year‐old man presented to an urgent care clinic in Snohomish, Washington.
T23 1423-1529 Sentence denotes 6 , 7 On January 30, 2020, WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
T24 1530-1584 Sentence denotes On March 11, 2020, WHO designated COVID‐19 a pandemic.
T25 1585-1741 Sentence denotes Almost all countries are implementing public health measures to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission and are marshaling clinical care for patients with COVID‐19.
T26 1742-1909 Sentence denotes This review highlights key features of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, the epidemiology and clinical course of COVID‐19, and interventions to stop the growing COVID‐19 pandemic.
T27 1910-1953 Sentence denotes Fig 1 Chronology of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
T28 1955-1967 Sentence denotes Epidemiology
T29 1968-2063 Sentence denotes By March 11, 2020, 105 countries had reported 118,319 confirmed COVID‐19 cases and 4292 deaths.
T30 2064-2138 Sentence denotes 2 Outside China, large epidemics emerged in South Korea, Iran, and Italy.
T31 2139-2225 Sentence denotes By March 14, 2020, approximately one in four COVID‐19 cases and deaths were in Europe.
T32 2226-2293 Sentence denotes The US epidemic accelerated, with cases doubling every 6 to 7 days.
T33 2294-2417 Sentence denotes 7 By March 29, 2020, more than 100,000 persons had COVID‐19 in the United States, the largest burden of COVID‐19 globally.
T34 2418-2565 Sentence denotes 2 , 7 As of April 29, 2020, the COVID‐19 pandemic has grown to more than 3 million confirmed cases and more than 206,000 deaths in 179 countries.
T35 2566-2658 Sentence denotes The United States now has more than 1 million cases (33%) and more than 50,000 deaths (25%).
T36 2659-2771 Sentence denotes 2 , 7 The potential is high for large COVID‐19 epidemics in Brazil, Russia, India, and many African countries.
T37 2772-2976 Sentence denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 is transmitted directly through inhalation or mucosal surface exposure to an infected person’s respiratory droplets or indirectly when touching the face after contact with contaminated objects.
T38 2977-3064 Sentence denotes 2 , 4 , 7 SARS‐CoV‐2 can remain viable on environmental surfaces for up to 72 hours.
T39 3065-3214 Sentence denotes 8 SARS‐CoV‐2 is highly infectious with an R0 of approximately 2.2 to 3.0, meaning each infected person will infect about two to three other persons.
T40 3215-3469 Sentence denotes 7 Large COVID‐19 outbreaks have occurred in health care facilities, households, cruise ships, religious services (e.g., funerals), and other large gatherings 1 , 2 , 7 Individuals can transmit SARS‐CoV‐2 before, during, and after symptomatic disease.
T41 3470-3544 Sentence denotes As many as half of individuals with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection have no symptoms.
T42 3545-3546 Sentence denotes 7
T43 3548-3569 Sentence denotes Clinical Presentation
T44 3570-3811 Sentence denotes Similar to SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors for entry via endocytosis into alveolar epithelial cells, as well as other cells with ACE2 receptors in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys.
T45 3812-4060 Sentence denotes 2 , 4 COVID‐19 results from SARS‐CoV‐2 replication, causing early cell death (i.e., apoptosis) and provoking a storm of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]) disrupting alveolar walls with resulting fluid accumulation in alveoli.
T46 4061-4062 Sentence denotes 4
T47 4063-4172 Sentence denotes The incubation period from infection to onset of COVID‐19 disease is typically 5 to 7 days (range 1‐14 days).
T48 4173-4267 Sentence denotes 1 , 2 , 7 The most common symptoms of COVID‐19 are fever and nonproductive cough (Table 1).
T49 4268-4425 Sentence denotes 1 , 4 , 7 , 9 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently added anosmia and ageusia, the loss of smell and taste, as COVID‐19 symptoms.
T50 4426-4539 Sentence denotes 7 Laboratory findings are remarkable for a normal leukocyte count, lymphopenia, and elevated C‐reactive protein.
T51 4540-4706 Sentence denotes 1 , 6 , 8 Most hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 have a bilateral ground‐glass appearance on chest computed tomography (CT) scan consistent with viral pneumonia.
T52 4707-4792 Sentence denotes Table 1 Clinical Features of COVID‐19 in Wuhan and Multiple Other Locations in China
T53 4793-4851 Sentence denotes Clinical Features Wuhan, China Multiple Locations, China
T54 4852-4885 Sentence denotes Number of patients 10,999 3,062
T55 4886-4894 Sentence denotes Symptoms
T56 4895-4910 Sentence denotes Fever 89% 80%
T57 4911-4926 Sentence denotes Cough 68% 63%
T58 4927-4950 Sentence denotes Expectoration 34% 42%
T59 4951-4968 Sentence denotes Dyspnea 19% 34%
T60 4969-4994 Sentence denotes Fatigue/Myalgia 38% 46%
T61 4995-5013 Sentence denotes Headache 14% 15%
T62 5014-5038 Sentence denotes Nausea/Vomiting 5% 10%
T63 5039-5056 Sentence denotes Diarrhea 4% 13%
T64 5057-5075 Sentence denotes Laboratory results
T65 5076-5112 Sentence denotes Leukocytes in normal range 94% 70%
T66 5113-5134 Sentence denotes Lymphopenia 83% 57%
T67 5135-5173 Sentence denotes Increased C‐reactive protein 61% 74%
T68 5174-5236 Sentence denotes Alanine aminotransferase above upper limit of normal 21% 29%
T69 5237-5244 Sentence denotes Imaging
T70 5245-5272 Sentence denotes Abnormal chest CT 86% 89%
T71 5273-5319 Sentence denotes Bilateral infiltrates (ground glass) 56% 76%
T72 5320-5364 Sentence denotes Acute respiratory distress syndrome 6% 20%
T73 5365-5384 Sentence denotes Mortality 1.4% 6%
T74 5385-5410 Sentence denotes Data are from Guna et al.
T75 5411-5461 Sentence denotes 1 and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
T76 5462-5463 Sentence denotes 7
T77 5464-5611 Sentence denotes John Wiley & Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response.
T78 5612-5794 Sentence denotes It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
T79 5795-5891 Sentence denotes Today, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is the COVID‐19 diagnostic test.
T80 5892-6041 Sentence denotes 2 , 7 RT‐PCR sensitivity is highest for testing bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (93%) and declines for sputum (72%) and nasal swab (63%) specimens.
T81 6042-6094 Sentence denotes 10 COVID‐19 diagnosis might require repeat testing.
T82 6095-6179 Sentence denotes 2 , 7 Serological tests to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM and IgG antibodies are available.
T83 6180-6436 Sentence denotes However, because of test sensitivity and other quality concerns, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA; https://www.fda.gov) advises current serological tests are best used for surveillance and research, and not as the sole basis for COVID‐19 diagnosis.
T84 6437-6473 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 is commonly a mild disease.
T85 6474-6657 Sentence denotes Of the first 72,314 COVID‐19 disease reported in China, 81% had no or mild pneumonia, 21% had severe dyspnea and radiological evidence of pulmonary disease, and 5% progressed to SARS.
T86 6658-6741 Sentence denotes 1 Individuals can be ill for a week or longer before experiencing severe symptoms.
T87 6742-6853 Sentence denotes The risk for severe COVID‐19 disease is highest for men, older adults, and patients with certain comorbidities.
T88 6854-6948 Sentence denotes In the United States, 80% of reported COVID‐19–related deaths are among people aged ≥65 years.
T89 6949-7010 Sentence denotes 7 , 9 , 11 Deaths are rare among persons <24 years of age.
T90 7011-7203 Sentence denotes 1 , 7 , 11 In the United States, most hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 have comorbid conditions, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease 7 , 11 (Table 2).
T91 7204-7429 Sentence denotes Although listed by the CDC as a comorbid condition associated with severe COVID‐19, chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis, has not been a common comorbidity associated with hospitalization in the United States (Table 2).
T92 7430-7571 Sentence denotes The high prevalence of comorbid conditions can explain, in part, African Americans’ increased risk for hospitalization with COVID‐19 disease.
T93 7572-7662 Sentence denotes 5 Variable comorbidity prevalence contributes to differences in national COVID mortality.
T94 7663-7870 Sentence denotes Globally, crude fatality rates for COVID‐19 range from 0.2% in Singapore, to 2.0% to 3.0% in South Korea and Germany, to 4.3% for the United States, and to 10% to 13% in Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom.
T95 7871-7877 Sentence denotes 2 , 5
T96 7878-7951 Sentence denotes Table 2 Comorbidities Among Persons With COVID‐19 Disease, United States
T97 7952-7992 Sentence denotes Condition United States* New York City
T98 7993-8053 Sentence denotes Not Hospitalized Hospitalized Intensive Care Hospitalized
T99 8054-8085 Sentence denotes Patients 5143 1037 457 5700
T100 8086-8127 Sentence denotes One or more condition 27% 71% 78% 88%
T101 8128-8143 Sentence denotes Obesity 42%
T102 8144-8164 Sentence denotes Hypertension 57%
T103 8165-8201 Sentence denotes Diabetes mellitus 6% 24% 32% 34%
T104 8202-8243 Sentence denotes Cardiovascular disease 5% 23% 29% 18%
T105 8244-8284 Sentence denotes Chronic renal disease 1% 9% 12% 0.6%
T106 8285-8322 Sentence denotes Chronic liver disease 1% 1% 2% 9%
T107 8323-8356 Sentence denotes Immunocompromised 3% 6% 9% 2%
T108 8357-8374 Sentence denotes Mortality 21%
T109 8375-8388 Sentence denotes Total 21%
T110 8389-8410 Sentence denotes 1 Comorbidity 88%
T111 8411-8475 Sentence denotes * Based on data from the CDC for all 50 states and territories.
T112 8476-8513 Sentence denotes Otherwise, data are Richardson et al.
T113 8514-8516 Sentence denotes 11
T114 8517-8664 Sentence denotes John Wiley & Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response.
T115 8665-8847 Sentence denotes It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
T116 8848-9081 Sentence denotes The search for effective therapies and a vaccine is occurring at a remarkable pace, with at least 29 studies of therapeutic agents and 5 studies of candidate vaccines registered on ClinicalTrials.org (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
T117 9082-9236 Sentence denotes On May 1, 2020, the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization of remdesivir, a broad‐spectrum antiviral nucleotide prodrug for treatment of severe COVID‐19.
T118 9237-9330 Sentence denotes Studies of monoclonal antibodies against IL‐6 and hyperimmune immunoglobulin are in progress.
T119 9331-9484 Sentence denotes Following reports of serious cardiac arrythmias, the FDA cautioned clinicians of prescribing hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment of COVID‐19.
T120 9485-9593 Sentence denotes A safe and effective vaccine, if successfully developed, probably will not be available for 12 to 18 months.
T121 9595-9605 Sentence denotes Prevention
T122 9606-9869 Sentence denotes In the absence of a vaccine, prevention is composed of a combination of nonpharmacological interventions for suppression of transmission to R0 <1 and mitigation of the number of patients with COVID‐19 who require intensive care and mechanical respiratory support.
T123 9870-10103 Sentence denotes 12 Interventions include improved personal hygiene promotions, symptomatic screening and laboratory testing for case detection, contact tracing, household quarantine of those with transmission risks, and social distancing (Table 3).
T124 10104-10285 Sentence denotes The United States and most other countries have implemented extensive travel restrictions, workplace and school closures, and cancellation of sporting and other large public events.
T125 10286-10427 Sentence denotes China, South Korea, and Taiwan successfully curbed large COVID‐19 epidemics with prompt scale‐up of testing, contact tracing, and quarantine.
T126 10428-10574 Sentence denotes 2 , 4 , 7 In the United States, although testing rates are low, models suggest prevention measures are reducing transmission and future deaths.
T127 10575-10794 Sentence denotes 13 The US government recently recommended increased COVID‐19 surveillance, testing, and contact tracing with modified social distancing measures to sustain SARS‐CoV‐2 prevention while opening up education and commerce.
T128 10795-10797 Sentence denotes 14
T129 10798-10916 Sentence denotes Table 3 Prevention Measures to Reduce Risks for COVID‐19, Priority Populations for Testing, and Information Resources
T130 10917-10988 Sentence denotes Prevention measures to reduce risks for COVID‐19 Practice good hygiene
T131 10989-11068 Sentence denotes ○ Wash hands often for >20 seconds with soap and water or 60% alcohol sanitizer
T132 11069-11127 Sentence denotes ○ Avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands
T133 11128-11182 Sentence denotes ○ Sneeze or cough into a tissue or inside of the elbow
T134 11183-11393 Sentence denotes ○ Disinfect surfaces and used items frequently with soap and water and Environmental Protection Agency–registered household disinfectants or bleach solution (4 teaspoons [20 mL] bleach per quart [or 1 L] water)
T135 11394-11420 Sentence denotes Limit close social contact
T136 11421-11492 Sentence denotes ○ Learn signs and symptoms of COVID‐19, and follow local disease trends
T137 11493-11623 Sentence denotes ○ Stay home as much as possible, particularly persons who are ill, older (>65 years) adults, and those at risk for severe COVID‐19
T138 11624-11674 Sentence denotes ○ Persons who are ill, call a health care provider
T139 11675-11742 Sentence denotes ○ Consider 2‐week supply of medications, food, and other essentials
T140 11743-11832 Sentence denotes ○ When out in public, keep social distance of at least 6 feet and wear a cloth face cover
T141 11833-11866 Sentence denotes ○ Avoid gatherings of >10 persons
T142 11867-11900 Sentence denotes ○ Work or attend school from home
T143 11901-11927 Sentence denotes ○ Avoid unnecessary travel
T144 11928-11994 Sentence denotes ○ Avoid visits to nursing homes or long‐term retirement facilities
T145 11995-12035 Sentence denotes Protect patients and health care workers
T146 12036-12136 Sentence denotes ○ Reduce facility risks: screen for COVID‐19 symptoms on entry; reduce visits; practice telemedicine
T147 12137-12187 Sentence denotes ○ Isolate symptomatic patients as soon as possible
T148 12188-12265 Sentence denotes ○ Protect health care personnel with recommended infection‐control procedures
T149 12266-12350 Sentence denotes Recommended testing in consultation with health care provider Hospitalized patients
T150 12351-12384 Sentence denotes Persons with symptoms of COVID‐19
T151 12385-12415 Sentence denotes ○ Health care facility workers
T152 12416-12455 Sentence denotes ○ Patients in long‐term care facilities
T153 12456-12483 Sentence denotes ○ Patients >65 years of age
T154 12484-12535 Sentence denotes ○ Patients with underlying conditions with symptoms
T155 12536-12554 Sentence denotes ○ First responders
T156 12555-12611 Sentence denotes Critical infrastructure workers and others with symptoms
T157 12612-12661 Sentence denotes Health care facility workers and first responders
T158 12662-12742 Sentence denotes Persons mildly ill in communities with high numbers of COVID‐19 hospitalizations
T159 12743-12867 Sentence denotes Good information resources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
T160 12868-12958 Sentence denotes World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
T161 12959-13063 Sentence denotes Infectious Disease Society of America: https://www.idsociety.org/public-health/COVID-19-Resource-Center/
T162 13064-13170 Sentence denotes American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases: https://www.aasld.org/about-aasld/covid-19-resources
T163 13171-13259 Sentence denotes European Association for the Study of the Liver: https://easl.eu/covid-19-and-the-liver/
T164 13260-13359 Sentence denotes European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19-pandemic
T165 13360-13440 Sentence denotes The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America: https://www.shea-online.org/
T166 13441-13588 Sentence denotes John Wiley & Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response.
T167 13589-13771 Sentence denotes It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
T168 13773-13780 Sentence denotes Summary
T169 13781-13904 Sentence denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 is a new human pathogen, readily spread via respiratory droplets and the cause of the growing COVID‐19 pandemic.
T170 13905-14013 Sentence denotes Men, older adults (>65 years old), and persons with comorbidities are at risk for severe COVID‐19 and death.
T171 14014-14212 Sentence denotes Countries have successfully suppressed transmission and mitigated needs for intensive care with robust case/contact detection (testing), isolation of infected/exposed persons, and social distancing.
T172 14213-14386 Sentence denotes To stop the COVID‐19 pandemic, the challenge is for all countries to scale up and sustain prevention measures while awaiting the arrival of effective vaccines and therapies.