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LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7242012 JSONTXT 17 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-22 Sentence denotes The COVID‐19 Pandemic:
T2 23-74 Sentence denotes An Epidemiologic, Public Health, and Clinical Brief
T3 75-96 Sentence denotes The COVID‐19 Pandemic
T4 97-113 Sentence denotes Ward and Del Rio
T5 115-150 Sentence denotes Watch the interview with the author
T6 151-164 Sentence denotes Abbreviations
T7 165-201 Sentence denotes ACE2 angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2
T8 202-248 Sentence denotes CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
T9 249-282 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 coronavirus disease 2019
T10 283-305 Sentence denotes CT computed tomography
T11 306-341 Sentence denotes FDA US Food and Drug Administration
T12 342-360 Sentence denotes IL‐6 interleukin‐6
T13 361-415 Sentence denotes RT‐PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
T14 416-454 Sentence denotes SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome
T15 455-484 Sentence denotes WHO World Health Organization
T16 485-663 Sentence denotes On December 29, 2019, health authorities in China reported 27 cases of an unusual pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death linked to attendance at a live animal market in Wuhan.
T17 664-776 Sentence denotes 1 , 2 On January 7, 2020, Chinese scientists confirmed a novel coronavirus, 2019‐nCoV, as the causative agent.
T18 777-1063 Sentence denotes 3 Studies revealed >80% genetic homology of 2019‐nCoV with coronaviruses of bats, presumably the original host; pangolins, suggesting this animal sold at the market as an intermediate host; and another human coronavirus, SARS‐CoV, the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
T19 1064-1150 Sentence denotes 3 , 4 All evidence indicates that SARS‐CoV‐2 is of animal and not laboratory origin.
T20 1151-1289 Sentence denotes 5 The World Health Organization (WHO) later named the novel virus SARS‐CoV‐2 and the related disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).
T21 1290-1382 Sentence denotes 2 , 3 SARS‐CoV‐2 spread quickly through communities in China and other countries (Fig. 1).
T22 1383-1537 Sentence denotes On January 20, 2020, the first case was recognized in the United State when a 35‐year‐old man presented to an urgent care clinic in Snohomish, Washington.
T23 1538-1644 Sentence denotes 6 , 7 On January 30, 2020, WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
T24 1645-1699 Sentence denotes On March 11, 2020, WHO designated COVID‐19 a pandemic.
T25 1700-1856 Sentence denotes Almost all countries are implementing public health measures to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission and are marshaling clinical care for patients with COVID‐19.
T26 1857-2024 Sentence denotes This review highlights key features of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, the epidemiology and clinical course of COVID‐19, and interventions to stop the growing COVID‐19 pandemic.
T27 2025-2068 Sentence denotes Fig 1 Chronology of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
T28 2070-2082 Sentence denotes Epidemiology
T29 2083-2178 Sentence denotes By March 11, 2020, 105 countries had reported 118,319 confirmed COVID‐19 cases and 4292 deaths.
T30 2179-2253 Sentence denotes 2 Outside China, large epidemics emerged in South Korea, Iran, and Italy.
T31 2254-2340 Sentence denotes By March 14, 2020, approximately one in four COVID‐19 cases and deaths were in Europe.
T32 2341-2408 Sentence denotes The US epidemic accelerated, with cases doubling every 6 to 7 days.
T33 2409-2532 Sentence denotes 7 By March 29, 2020, more than 100,000 persons had COVID‐19 in the United States, the largest burden of COVID‐19 globally.
T34 2533-2680 Sentence denotes 2 , 7 As of April 29, 2020, the COVID‐19 pandemic has grown to more than 3 million confirmed cases and more than 206,000 deaths in 179 countries.
T35 2681-2773 Sentence denotes The United States now has more than 1 million cases (33%) and more than 50,000 deaths (25%).
T36 2774-2886 Sentence denotes 2 , 7 The potential is high for large COVID‐19 epidemics in Brazil, Russia, India, and many African countries.
T37 2887-3091 Sentence denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 is transmitted directly through inhalation or mucosal surface exposure to an infected person’s respiratory droplets or indirectly when touching the face after contact with contaminated objects.
T38 3092-3179 Sentence denotes 2 , 4 , 7 SARS‐CoV‐2 can remain viable on environmental surfaces for up to 72 hours.
T39 3180-3329 Sentence denotes 8 SARS‐CoV‐2 is highly infectious with an R0 of approximately 2.2 to 3.0, meaning each infected person will infect about two to three other persons.
T40 3330-3584 Sentence denotes 7 Large COVID‐19 outbreaks have occurred in health care facilities, households, cruise ships, religious services (e.g., funerals), and other large gatherings 1 , 2 , 7 Individuals can transmit SARS‐CoV‐2 before, during, and after symptomatic disease.
T41 3585-3659 Sentence denotes As many as half of individuals with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection have no symptoms.
T42 3660-3661 Sentence denotes 7
T43 3663-3684 Sentence denotes Clinical Presentation
T44 3685-3926 Sentence denotes Similar to SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors for entry via endocytosis into alveolar epithelial cells, as well as other cells with ACE2 receptors in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys.
T45 3927-4175 Sentence denotes 2 , 4 COVID‐19 results from SARS‐CoV‐2 replication, causing early cell death (i.e., apoptosis) and provoking a storm of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]) disrupting alveolar walls with resulting fluid accumulation in alveoli.
T46 4176-4177 Sentence denotes 4
T47 4178-4287 Sentence denotes The incubation period from infection to onset of COVID‐19 disease is typically 5 to 7 days (range 1‐14 days).
T48 4288-4382 Sentence denotes 1 , 2 , 7 The most common symptoms of COVID‐19 are fever and nonproductive cough (Table 1).
T49 4383-4540 Sentence denotes 1 , 4 , 7 , 9 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently added anosmia and ageusia, the loss of smell and taste, as COVID‐19 symptoms.
T50 4541-4654 Sentence denotes 7 Laboratory findings are remarkable for a normal leukocyte count, lymphopenia, and elevated C‐reactive protein.
T51 4655-4821 Sentence denotes 1 , 6 , 8 Most hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 have a bilateral ground‐glass appearance on chest computed tomography (CT) scan consistent with viral pneumonia.
T52 4822-4907 Sentence denotes Table 1 Clinical Features of COVID‐19 in Wuhan and Multiple Other Locations in China
T53 4908-4966 Sentence denotes Clinical Features Wuhan, China Multiple Locations, China
T54 4967-5000 Sentence denotes Number of patients 10,999 3,062
T55 5001-5009 Sentence denotes Symptoms
T56 5010-5025 Sentence denotes Fever 89% 80%
T57 5026-5041 Sentence denotes Cough 68% 63%
T58 5042-5065 Sentence denotes Expectoration 34% 42%
T59 5066-5083 Sentence denotes Dyspnea 19% 34%
T60 5084-5109 Sentence denotes Fatigue/Myalgia 38% 46%
T61 5110-5128 Sentence denotes Headache 14% 15%
T62 5129-5153 Sentence denotes Nausea/Vomiting 5% 10%
T63 5154-5171 Sentence denotes Diarrhea 4% 13%
T64 5172-5190 Sentence denotes Laboratory results
T65 5191-5227 Sentence denotes Leukocytes in normal range 94% 70%
T66 5228-5249 Sentence denotes Lymphopenia 83% 57%
T67 5250-5288 Sentence denotes Increased C‐reactive protein 61% 74%
T68 5289-5351 Sentence denotes Alanine aminotransferase above upper limit of normal 21% 29%
T69 5352-5359 Sentence denotes Imaging
T70 5360-5387 Sentence denotes Abnormal chest CT 86% 89%
T71 5388-5434 Sentence denotes Bilateral infiltrates (ground glass) 56% 76%
T72 5435-5479 Sentence denotes Acute respiratory distress syndrome 6% 20%
T73 5480-5499 Sentence denotes Mortality 1.4% 6%
T74 5500-5525 Sentence denotes Data are from Guna et al.
T75 5526-5576 Sentence denotes 1 and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
T76 5577-5578 Sentence denotes 7
T77 5579-5726 Sentence denotes John Wiley & Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response.
T78 5727-5909 Sentence denotes It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
T79 5910-6006 Sentence denotes Today, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is the COVID‐19 diagnostic test.
T80 6007-6156 Sentence denotes 2 , 7 RT‐PCR sensitivity is highest for testing bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (93%) and declines for sputum (72%) and nasal swab (63%) specimens.
T81 6157-6209 Sentence denotes 10 COVID‐19 diagnosis might require repeat testing.
T82 6210-6294 Sentence denotes 2 , 7 Serological tests to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM and IgG antibodies are available.
T83 6295-6551 Sentence denotes However, because of test sensitivity and other quality concerns, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA; https://www.fda.gov) advises current serological tests are best used for surveillance and research, and not as the sole basis for COVID‐19 diagnosis.
T84 6552-6588 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 is commonly a mild disease.
T85 6589-6772 Sentence denotes Of the first 72,314 COVID‐19 disease reported in China, 81% had no or mild pneumonia, 21% had severe dyspnea and radiological evidence of pulmonary disease, and 5% progressed to SARS.
T86 6773-6856 Sentence denotes 1 Individuals can be ill for a week or longer before experiencing severe symptoms.
T87 6857-6968 Sentence denotes The risk for severe COVID‐19 disease is highest for men, older adults, and patients with certain comorbidities.
T88 6969-7063 Sentence denotes In the United States, 80% of reported COVID‐19–related deaths are among people aged ≥65 years.
T89 7064-7125 Sentence denotes 7 , 9 , 11 Deaths are rare among persons <24 years of age.
T90 7126-7318 Sentence denotes 1 , 7 , 11 In the United States, most hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 have comorbid conditions, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease 7 , 11 (Table 2).
T91 7319-7544 Sentence denotes Although listed by the CDC as a comorbid condition associated with severe COVID‐19, chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis, has not been a common comorbidity associated with hospitalization in the United States (Table 2).
T92 7545-7686 Sentence denotes The high prevalence of comorbid conditions can explain, in part, African Americans’ increased risk for hospitalization with COVID‐19 disease.
T93 7687-7777 Sentence denotes 5 Variable comorbidity prevalence contributes to differences in national COVID mortality.
T94 7778-7985 Sentence denotes Globally, crude fatality rates for COVID‐19 range from 0.2% in Singapore, to 2.0% to 3.0% in South Korea and Germany, to 4.3% for the United States, and to 10% to 13% in Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom.
T95 7986-7992 Sentence denotes 2 , 5
T96 7993-8066 Sentence denotes Table 2 Comorbidities Among Persons With COVID‐19 Disease, United States
T97 8067-8107 Sentence denotes Condition United States* New York City
T98 8108-8168 Sentence denotes Not Hospitalized Hospitalized Intensive Care Hospitalized
T99 8169-8200 Sentence denotes Patients 5143 1037 457 5700
T100 8201-8242 Sentence denotes One or more condition 27% 71% 78% 88%
T101 8243-8258 Sentence denotes Obesity 42%
T102 8259-8279 Sentence denotes Hypertension 57%
T103 8280-8316 Sentence denotes Diabetes mellitus 6% 24% 32% 34%
T104 8317-8358 Sentence denotes Cardiovascular disease 5% 23% 29% 18%
T105 8359-8399 Sentence denotes Chronic renal disease 1% 9% 12% 0.6%
T106 8400-8437 Sentence denotes Chronic liver disease 1% 1% 2% 9%
T107 8438-8471 Sentence denotes Immunocompromised 3% 6% 9% 2%
T108 8472-8489 Sentence denotes Mortality 21%
T109 8490-8503 Sentence denotes Total 21%
T110 8504-8525 Sentence denotes 1 Comorbidity 88%
T111 8526-8590 Sentence denotes * Based on data from the CDC for all 50 states and territories.
T112 8591-8628 Sentence denotes Otherwise, data are Richardson et al.
T113 8629-8631 Sentence denotes 11
T114 8632-8779 Sentence denotes John Wiley & Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response.
T115 8780-8962 Sentence denotes It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
T116 8963-9196 Sentence denotes The search for effective therapies and a vaccine is occurring at a remarkable pace, with at least 29 studies of therapeutic agents and 5 studies of candidate vaccines registered on ClinicalTrials.org (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
T117 9197-9351 Sentence denotes On May 1, 2020, the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization of remdesivir, a broad‐spectrum antiviral nucleotide prodrug for treatment of severe COVID‐19.
T118 9352-9445 Sentence denotes Studies of monoclonal antibodies against IL‐6 and hyperimmune immunoglobulin are in progress.
T119 9446-9599 Sentence denotes Following reports of serious cardiac arrythmias, the FDA cautioned clinicians of prescribing hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment of COVID‐19.
T120 9600-9708 Sentence denotes A safe and effective vaccine, if successfully developed, probably will not be available for 12 to 18 months.
T121 9710-9720 Sentence denotes Prevention
T122 9721-9984 Sentence denotes In the absence of a vaccine, prevention is composed of a combination of nonpharmacological interventions for suppression of transmission to R0 <1 and mitigation of the number of patients with COVID‐19 who require intensive care and mechanical respiratory support.
T123 9985-10218 Sentence denotes 12 Interventions include improved personal hygiene promotions, symptomatic screening and laboratory testing for case detection, contact tracing, household quarantine of those with transmission risks, and social distancing (Table 3).
T124 10219-10400 Sentence denotes The United States and most other countries have implemented extensive travel restrictions, workplace and school closures, and cancellation of sporting and other large public events.
T125 10401-10542 Sentence denotes China, South Korea, and Taiwan successfully curbed large COVID‐19 epidemics with prompt scale‐up of testing, contact tracing, and quarantine.
T126 10543-10689 Sentence denotes 2 , 4 , 7 In the United States, although testing rates are low, models suggest prevention measures are reducing transmission and future deaths.
T127 10690-10909 Sentence denotes 13 The US government recently recommended increased COVID‐19 surveillance, testing, and contact tracing with modified social distancing measures to sustain SARS‐CoV‐2 prevention while opening up education and commerce.
T128 10910-10912 Sentence denotes 14
T129 10913-11031 Sentence denotes Table 3 Prevention Measures to Reduce Risks for COVID‐19, Priority Populations for Testing, and Information Resources
T130 11032-11103 Sentence denotes Prevention measures to reduce risks for COVID‐19 Practice good hygiene
T131 11104-11183 Sentence denotes ○ Wash hands often for >20 seconds with soap and water or 60% alcohol sanitizer
T132 11184-11242 Sentence denotes ○ Avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands
T133 11243-11297 Sentence denotes ○ Sneeze or cough into a tissue or inside of the elbow
T134 11298-11508 Sentence denotes ○ Disinfect surfaces and used items frequently with soap and water and Environmental Protection Agency–registered household disinfectants or bleach solution (4 teaspoons [20 mL] bleach per quart [or 1 L] water)
T135 11509-11535 Sentence denotes Limit close social contact
T136 11536-11607 Sentence denotes ○ Learn signs and symptoms of COVID‐19, and follow local disease trends
T137 11608-11738 Sentence denotes ○ Stay home as much as possible, particularly persons who are ill, older (>65 years) adults, and those at risk for severe COVID‐19
T138 11739-11789 Sentence denotes ○ Persons who are ill, call a health care provider
T139 11790-11857 Sentence denotes ○ Consider 2‐week supply of medications, food, and other essentials
T140 11858-11947 Sentence denotes ○ When out in public, keep social distance of at least 6 feet and wear a cloth face cover
T141 11948-11981 Sentence denotes ○ Avoid gatherings of >10 persons
T142 11982-12015 Sentence denotes ○ Work or attend school from home
T143 12016-12042 Sentence denotes ○ Avoid unnecessary travel
T144 12043-12109 Sentence denotes ○ Avoid visits to nursing homes or long‐term retirement facilities
T145 12110-12150 Sentence denotes Protect patients and health care workers
T146 12151-12251 Sentence denotes ○ Reduce facility risks: screen for COVID‐19 symptoms on entry; reduce visits; practice telemedicine
T147 12252-12302 Sentence denotes ○ Isolate symptomatic patients as soon as possible
T148 12303-12380 Sentence denotes ○ Protect health care personnel with recommended infection‐control procedures
T149 12381-12465 Sentence denotes Recommended testing in consultation with health care provider Hospitalized patients
T150 12466-12499 Sentence denotes Persons with symptoms of COVID‐19
T151 12500-12530 Sentence denotes ○ Health care facility workers
T152 12531-12570 Sentence denotes ○ Patients in long‐term care facilities
T153 12571-12598 Sentence denotes ○ Patients >65 years of age
T154 12599-12650 Sentence denotes ○ Patients with underlying conditions with symptoms
T155 12651-12669 Sentence denotes ○ First responders
T156 12670-12726 Sentence denotes Critical infrastructure workers and others with symptoms
T157 12727-12776 Sentence denotes Health care facility workers and first responders
T158 12777-12857 Sentence denotes Persons mildly ill in communities with high numbers of COVID‐19 hospitalizations
T159 12858-12982 Sentence denotes Good information resources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
T160 12983-13073 Sentence denotes World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
T161 13074-13178 Sentence denotes Infectious Disease Society of America: https://www.idsociety.org/public-health/COVID-19-Resource-Center/
T162 13179-13285 Sentence denotes American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases: https://www.aasld.org/about-aasld/covid-19-resources
T163 13286-13374 Sentence denotes European Association for the Study of the Liver: https://easl.eu/covid-19-and-the-liver/
T164 13375-13474 Sentence denotes European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19-pandemic
T165 13475-13555 Sentence denotes The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America: https://www.shea-online.org/
T166 13556-13703 Sentence denotes John Wiley & Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response.
T167 13704-13886 Sentence denotes It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
T168 13888-13895 Sentence denotes Summary
T169 13896-14019 Sentence denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 is a new human pathogen, readily spread via respiratory droplets and the cause of the growing COVID‐19 pandemic.
T170 14020-14128 Sentence denotes Men, older adults (>65 years old), and persons with comorbidities are at risk for severe COVID‐19 and death.
T171 14129-14327 Sentence denotes Countries have successfully suppressed transmission and mitigated needs for intensive care with robust case/contact detection (testing), isolation of infected/exposed persons, and social distancing.
T172 14328-14501 Sentence denotes To stop the COVID‐19 pandemic, the challenge is for all countries to scale up and sustain prevention measures while awaiting the arrival of effective vaccines and therapies.