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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-101 Sentence denotes Modeling Impact of Word of Mouth and E-Government on Online Social Presence during COVID-19 Outbreak:
T2 102-128 Sentence denotes A Multi-Mediation Approach
T3 130-138 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 139-317 Sentence denotes Although social presence plays an essential role under general conditions, its role becomes significant for societal protection during the quarantine period in epidemic outbreak.
T5 318-585 Sentence denotes In this study, we attempted to identify the role of E-government and COVID-19 word of mouth in terms of their direct impact on online social presence during the outbreak as well as their impacts mediated by epidemic protection and attitudes toward epidemic outbreaks.
T6 586-740 Sentence denotes For this purpose, a unique multi-mediation model is proposed to provide a new direction for research in the field of epidemic outbreaks and their control.
T7 741-841 Sentence denotes Through random sampling, an online survey was conducted and data from 683participants were analyzed.
T8 842-962 Sentence denotes Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships between the variables of interest.
T9 963-1117 Sentence denotes The study results revealed that the roles of E-government and COVID-19 word of mouth are positively related to online social presence during the outbreak.
T10 1118-1322 Sentence denotes Epidemic protection and attitude toward epidemic outbreak were found to positively moderate the impact of the role of E-government and COVID-19 word of mouth on online social presence during the outbreak.
T11 1323-1400 Sentence denotes The key findings of this study have both practical and academic implications.
T12 1402-1404 Sentence denotes 1.
T13 1405-1417 Sentence denotes Introduction
T14 1418-1539 Sentence denotes The flow of information in any matter is important and can considerably impact the situation during an epidemic outbreak.
T15 1540-1667 Sentence denotes The role of e-government is also essential in any situation related to health protection, especially during an outbreak period.
T16 1668-1847 Sentence denotes E-government (E-Govt) is defined as “the use of information technologies that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government” [1].
T17 1848-1938 Sentence denotes Keeping people calm and focused is necessary during an epidemic and its quarantine period.
T18 1939-2083 Sentence denotes If people are quarantined, the roles of E-Govt and word of mouth (WOM), especially message sharing through social media, increase in importance.
T19 2084-2227 Sentence denotes Now, with the current COVID-19 outbreak, people are under quarantine until further notice, with many countries experiencing epidemic outbreaks.
T20 2228-2368 Sentence denotes People have more time to use social media, which could be a source of rumors, anxiety, and, most important, knowledge for health protection.
T21 2369-2548 Sentence denotes This phenomenon encouraged us to formulate a theoretical model based on social presence theory and the role of social media to help examine safety and participation in quarantine.
T22 2549-2595 Sentence denotes The conceptual model is presented in Figure 1.
T23 2596-2710 Sentence denotes Word of mouth can be defined as “the intention to share a certain story using one’s own social media account” [2].
T24 2711-2932 Sentence denotes Many researchers proved that communication has more of an impact through social media with regards to different health issues, and message sharing was found to be the best predictor of emotive and passionate response [3].
T25 2933-2984 Sentence denotes Online health information is regularly updated [4].
T26 2985-3119 Sentence denotes Nowadays, universal and worldwide flow cannot be ignored [5] and search engines are the most effective method to find information [6].
T27 3120-3247 Sentence denotes The Internet is also a useful source for people in the medical field for discussions and interactions about medical issues [7].
T28 3248-3342 Sentence denotes A nine-year big data study showed that the use of computers projected emotive improvement [8].
T29 3343-3528 Sentence denotes From the health protection point of view, many factors were found to affect the dispersal of cancer information, including anxiety, courage, anticipation, and sharing of experience [9].
T30 3529-3632 Sentence denotes A study proved that the gestation time of infection (corona virus) was assessed at about 2–14 days [7].
T31 3633-3713 Sentence denotes So, a research question was raised about protection during an epidemic outbreak.
T32 3714-3889 Sentence denotes Social media campaigns with complete research frameworks with theoretical and statistical support for these time periods are essentially to protect society during emergencies.
T33 3890-4091 Sentence denotes To address this need, our research model includes the factors that trigger safety campaigns and the main effects (direct) of direct relations and the association of mediators on online social presence.
T34 4092-4309 Sentence denotes The literature shows that for different disease management programmers, among health experts, the most important aspects are self-value, the individual’s reputation [10], and sharing their familiarity and information.
T35 4310-4479 Sentence denotes However, this issue is seldom observed within a framework of online health communities [10] because, with the spread of disease contacts, heterogeneity is critical [11].
T36 4480-4686 Sentence denotes Public health moved to a wider political regime from health-dedicated management in 2013 in England as public health functions were relocated to local management from the National Health Service (NHS) [12].
T37 4687-4773 Sentence denotes Acceptance of a meningococcal vaccine was unidentified by inspiration of schools [13].
T38 4774-4902 Sentence denotes By keeping an individual’s record, doctors can assess body mass index (BMI) and threats to health more accurately and precisely.
T39 4903-4995 Sentence denotes Sharing opinions and views on actual proceedings is easy with the help of the Internet [14].
T40 4996-5067 Sentence denotes Paying attention to the sharing of data determines self-assurance [15].
T41 5068-5201 Sentence denotes In the case of failure, specifically in Nepal [16], a lack of education was observed in practice in community-based health insurance.
T42 5202-5358 Sentence denotes The authors found that people mostly hold back from taking preventive and measure son time on reporting as few first reported cases in any disease outbreak.
T43 5359-5421 Sentence denotes When they can see more danger, they might become more careful.
T44 5422-5702 Sentence denotes In rural areas, maternal and child health (MCH) systems are progressing because the government has formed different partnerships and associations at different levels [17].In countries other than China, secrecy and trust were found to be hindrances to the use of social media [18].
T45 5703-5812 Sentence denotes Some countries do not allow people to post health information on social media without authentic reports [19].
T46 5813-5977 Sentence denotes Online communal support is also affected by online communication of health professionals with patients [20] and the use of online technology for societal help [15].
T47 5978-6072 Sentence denotes We cannot ignore that fear, gossip, and rumors are spread online by some medical experts [21].
T48 6073-6220 Sentence denotes The above literature shows the role of social media in spreading information, although a small number of rumors may also be spread through society.
T49 6221-6318 Sentence denotes Loyalty and devotion to one’s country is emotive behavior, especially in republic countries [22].
T50 6319-6384 Sentence denotes The Chinese nation is one of most patriotic nations in the world.
T51 6385-6531 Sentence denotes Our study area, Wuhan, is considered the Chicago of China due to its heavy road traffic, and the population of Wuhan is more than 11 million [23].
T52 6532-6638 Sentence denotes Anhui province is next to Wuhan, containing the second city reporting patients with COVID-19, after Wuhan.
T53 6639-6764 Sentence denotes Computers do not have a direct impact on physical health activities but play an intellectual role in online social awareness.
T54 6765-6894 Sentence denotes The reliability of messages and information along with the trustworthiness of websites are important with regards to health [24].
T55 6895-7009 Sentence denotes However, users’ views about their health conditions were the same after using an app as before using the app [25].
T56 7010-7154 Sentence denotes Compared to men, women post more statements on social media about health problems online and argue more with physicians’ online statements [26].
T57 7155-7260 Sentence denotes This shows that women are more emotional about health conditions, especially during an epidemic outbreak.
T58 7261-7532 Sentence denotes Evidence was provided that rumors are spreading during the COVID-19 outbreak in other countries, but in China, people were likely to improve their emotions in the fight against COVID-19 and stay strong during the outbreak period by sharing positive posts on social media.
T59 7533-7684 Sentence denotes As of the date of writing, 9 March 2020, we have been in quarantine since20 January2020, having direct experience with both normal life and quarantine.
T60 7685-7905 Sentence denotes On social media, the importance of being online, especially during an epidemic outbreak, and the role of E-Govt in the quarantine period shown in previous research, urged us to explore this phenomenon on a broader basis.
T61 7906-8056 Sentence denotes Positive awareness through the effects of COVID-19 word of mouth (2019-nCoV-WOM) and E-Govt in the epidemic period has not been sufficiently explored.
T62 8057-8177 Sentence denotes Regardless of the important roles of 2019-nCoV-WOM and E-Govt in the epidemic outbreak, quantity of research is lacking.
T63 8178-8280 Sentence denotes Although online social presence is important at this time, scholars have not explored it sufficiently.
T64 8281-8535 Sentence denotes From the literature, questions were raised whether online social presence increased the ability to obtain information about the safety measures and, with 24 h of free time to use social media, if people might be more willing to spread safety information.
T65 8536-8820 Sentence denotes On this basis, we tried to explore the direct effect of 2019-nCoV-WOM and E-Govt on online social presence, and tried to fill this gap using a cohesive methodology to identify the mediating effect of attitude toward epidemic outbreak and epidemic protection on online social presence.
T66 8821-9017 Sentence denotes We used five constructs (2019-nCoV-WOM, role of E-Govt, attitude toward epidemic outbreak, epidemic protection, and online social presence in the outbreak) with a conceptual multi-mediation model.
T67 9018-9077 Sentence denotes We explored a distinctive approach to answer two questions:
T68 9078-9195 Sentence denotes Is there any mediating effect of attitude toward epidemic outbreak and epidemic protection on online social presence?
T69 9196-9348 Sentence denotes What is the best possible combination for the government to increase people’s willingness to participate in quarantine with a psychological perspective?
T70 9349-9400 Sentence denotes In the next section, we discuss our research model.
T71 9401-9466 Sentence denotes Based on the analysis, we discuss our study results in Section 4.
T72 9467-9587 Sentence denotes Finally, consequences and practical implication of our research are given and future research is suggested in Section 7.
T73 9588-9835 Sentence denotes To fill these research gaps, we provide a new direction for research about epidemic outbreaks by discussing the role of E-Govt and the effect of 2019-nCoV-WOMin relation to the use of social media and their mediating effect on long-term outbreaks.
T74 9836-9870 Sentence denotes Our research questions (RQs) were:
T75 9871-9875 Sentence denotes RQ1:
T76 9876-9979 Sentence denotes What is the association between social media, epidemic protection messages, and online social presence?
T77 9980-9984 Sentence denotes RQ2:
T78 9985-10091 Sentence denotes Is there any mediating association between 2019-nCoV-WOM and the role of E-Govt in online social presence?
T79 10093-10095 Sentence denotes 2.
T80 10096-10140 Sentence denotes Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
T81 10142-10146 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T82 10147-10161 Sentence denotes Role of E-Govt
T83 10162-10253 Sentence denotes People have perceptions about their government playing a role during an epidemic condition.
T84 10254-10446 Sentence denotes Perceptions are heightened during an outbreak period, as people are concerned about their protection, and their attitude toward an epidemic outbreak depends on this protection, to some extent.
T85 10447-10654 Sentence denotes During a quarantine period, as people are isolated, the perceived role of E-Govt may be increased and people might be motivated to play a role in epidemic protection after watching the involvement of E-Govt.
T86 10655-10789 Sentence denotes In our questionnaire, we asked about trust in E-Govt, which might provide motivation to play an important role in epidemic protection.
T87 10790-10946 Sentence denotes The literature shows that the role of government, especially governmental strategies and alertness messages, in any outbreak is progressively enhanced [27].
T88 10947-11111 Sentence denotes Communication and interaction with the government has increased in last few years, as the government is interested in engaging its people through social media [28].
T89 11112-11230 Sentence denotes The abovementioned literature justifies that the government understands people’s perceptions about the role of E-Govt.
T90 11231-11303 Sentence denotes People involved in policy-making are also inspired by social media [29].
T91 11304-11386 Sentence denotes Factors involved in sharing information are not described in this literature [30].
T92 11387-11473 Sentence denotes Attitudes and awareness is connected to the supposed efficiency of policy-making [31].
T93 11474-11656 Sentence denotes Improvement and development in Chinese e-waste has been seen in the last six years [32].This might enhance the people perceptions about E-Govt playing a role in an epidemic outbreak.
T94 11657-11757 Sentence denotes In Canada, social media was used as tool for facilitation of consumers by government officials [33].
T95 11758-11866 Sentence denotes In Latin America, research on E-Govt is increasing and conflicting with what is occurring in the world [34].
T96 11867-12107 Sentence denotes One reason we involved E-Govt and online social presence in our research model is that a noteworthy difference was identified the in analysis of awareness about the use of mobile phones to seek health information during critical times [35].
T97 12108-12171 Sentence denotes Awareness promotion plays an important role in burn cases [36].
T98 12172-12275 Sentence denotes Universal and global research is needed in community health for the use of social media in E-Govt [37].
T99 12276-12435 Sentence denotes Our study variables included capability of isolation, quarantine compartment, and interaction methods, which are responsible for occupancy rate isolation [38].
T100 12436-12538 Sentence denotes To stop the transfer of infectious disease, isolating infected people from healthy ones is vital [39].
T101 12539-12653 Sentence denotes The biggest outbreak of coronavirus, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), occurred in South Korea in 2015.
T102 12654-12739 Sentence denotes The main spread of this virus occurred in South Korea from and out of hospitals [40].
T103 12740-12891 Sentence denotes As an independent variable, we added role of E-government in our study, because studies were lacking on the emotional influence of MERS outbreaks [41].
T104 12892-13058 Sentence denotes Research showed that administration, media, and celebrities play important roles in health promotion on Twitter [42] because people are more attracted to celebrities.
T105 13059-13140 Sentence denotes Recommendations that are logically expressed have a strong impact on public [43].
T106 13141-13317 Sentence denotes Many governments are improving their use of social media in health departments and are trying to provide digital services to their people guidance; especially during outbreaks.
T107 13318-13608 Sentence denotes To increase the theoretical literature on E-Govt in the health sector, we aimed to fill this gap using a systematic review method to analytically evaluate, recognize, and create research evidence for the use of 2019-nCoV-WOMin connection with the role of E-Govt in protection from COVID-19.
T108 13609-13761 Sentence denotes We also tried to critically evaluate the role of social media and the willingness to undergo a long quarantine period for protection from this epidemic.
T109 13762-13981 Sentence denotes Here, per the literature, we take this variable of people’s perception (perceived role) of the role of the Chinese government, which was important because the government provided a plan to withstand the outbreak period.
T110 13982-14128 Sentence denotes Notably, this is the first critical review of the use of 2019-nCoV-WOM and the role of E-Govt in the COVID-19 epidemic (as independent variables).
T111 14129-14336 Sentence denotes Given the above literature, we expected that E-Govt plays a considerable role in the perception of epidemic protection and online social presence and in changing public attitudes toward an epidemic outbreak.
T112 14337-14378 Sentence denotes Therefore, we hypothesized the following:
T113 14379-14465 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 1a (H1a):  Role of E-government considerably affects epidemic protection.
T114 14466-14574 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 1b (H1b):  Role of E-government considerably affects online social presence during an outbreak.
T115 14575-14678 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 1c (H1c):  Role of E-government considerably affects attitude toward an epidemic outbreak.
T116 14680-14684 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T117 14685-14707 Sentence denotes COVID-19-Word of Mouth
T118 14708-14831 Sentence denotes WOM provides new directions to people’s thoughts and views about any condition, and especially during an epidemic outbreak.
T119 14832-14933 Sentence denotes Nowadays, the top trend is COVID-19 epidemic conditions discussed in news and online social websites.
T120 14934-15087 Sentence denotes Many studies in the last 10 years proved that there has been a large increase in the number of people willing to find health information on the Internet.
T121 15088-15185 Sentence denotes An increase in the number of social profiles providing health information was also observed [44].
T122 15186-15312 Sentence denotes Electroencephalography inter-subject correlation (EEG-ISC) was improved by an increase in resilient health communication [45].
T123 15313-15450 Sentence denotes The people of Wuhan felt great confidence in sharing their views during data collection during the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak quarantine.
T124 15451-15522 Sentence denotes Health promotions broadcast by the media are used to promote awareness.
T125 15523-15612 Sentence denotes For young Italian people, the messages were mostly about health and the environment [46].
T126 15613-15827 Sentence denotes This is significant because health experts have been using it as a motivational tool during the treatment of patients [47] and because histories of patients with similar symptoms are important for predictions [48].
T127 15828-15902 Sentence denotes This may be helpful for the emotional treatment of patients in the future.
T128 15903-16062 Sentence denotes Conversely, the most important aspect of health promotions is increasing people’s patience and keeping them calm during the quarantine period to avoid anxiety.
T129 16063-16216 Sentence denotes The Chinese government improved public endurance by their emotional awareness through message sharing, which encouraged people to share their views [26].
T130 16217-16435 Sentence denotes It is a common for people to first think that social media information is only rumors during an outbreak; as such, people were at risk of being ignorant of health information shared by the government or by individuals.
T131 16436-16531 Sentence denotes To provide better and urgent cure, people should know the signs and symptoms of corona viruses.
T132 16532-16701 Sentence denotes Many symptoms of the novel COVID-19-infected pneumonia (NCIP) have been described by researchers; they include increased body temperature, dry cough, and body pain [49].
T133 16702-16936 Sentence denotes The Chinese government promoted awareness among people through social media, so that individuals showing signs of COVID-19would immediately understand and contact medical experts for treatment and minimize further spread of the virus.
T134 16937-17103 Sentence denotes Only online 2019-nCoV-WOM was used for the quarantine period in China, especially in Wuhan and Anhui; some other countries soon after implemented quarantine measures.
T135 17104-17185 Sentence denotes This means the Chinese government played a positive role in the safety of people.
T136 17186-17267 Sentence denotes The above-mentioned research demonstrated the importance of online 2019-nCoV-WOM.
T137 17268-17407 Sentence denotes So, we tried to explore the positive effect of 2019-nCoV-WOM on online social presence in our research using exclusive mediating variables.
T138 17408-17623 Sentence denotes We expected that 2019-nCoV-WOM not only significantly affects perceptions of epidemic protection in terms of individuals’ online social presence, but also influences changes in attitude toward the epidemic outbreak.
T139 17624-17658 Sentence denotes So, we hypothesized the following:
T140 17659-17746 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 2a (H2a)  COVID-19 word of mouth considerably affects epidemic protection.
T141 17747-17838 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 2b (H2b):  COVID-19 word of mouth considerably affects online social presence.
T142 17839-17945 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 2c (H2c):  COVID-19 word of mouth considerably affects attitude toward the epidemic outbreak.
T143 17947-17951 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T144 17952-18007 Sentence denotes Epidemic Protection from COVID-19and Its Mediating Role
T145 18008-18115 Sentence denotes Everyone is concerned with their protection in any condition, but particularly during an epidemic outbreak.
T146 18116-18285 Sentence denotes The protection factor might affect social presence, but as people are isolated during quarantine, this factor changes the effect on online social presence in other ways.
T147 18286-18402 Sentence denotes Individuals’ attitudes toward fitness is boosted by viewing health information posted on Facebook in video form [3].
T148 18403-18532 Sentence denotes People’s responses to epidemic protection increase especially during quarantine because they are at home and have more free time.
T149 18533-18718 Sentence denotes Individuals with prolonged health problems acknowledged caretakers’ guidance more than other adults in the U.S., but they did not obtain physical exercise guidance for good health [50].
T150 18719-18857 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 epidemic protection urged people to increase their online social presence to enhance public emotions for epidemic protection.
T151 18858-19055 Sentence denotes The empirical studies mentioned above encouraged us to relate epidemic protection as a dependent variable due to obtaining specific information to protect online users during the quarantine period.
T152 19056-19130 Sentence denotes Here, we took this variable as people’s perception to ensure their safety.
T153 19131-19301 Sentence denotes China is more conscious about health due to the one-child policy, free Internet to obtain information, and the perception of being safe through obtaining safety measures.
T154 19302-19343 Sentence denotes Therefore, we hypothesized the following:
T155 19344-19432 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 3a (H3a):  Epidemic protection considerably affects online social presence.
T156 19433-19631 Sentence denotes The literature discussed above indicated that assuming the role of E-Govt in online social presence of the public is mediated by epidemic protection and 2019-nCoV-WOM affects online social presence.
T157 19632-19739 Sentence denotes However, we suspected that 2019-nCoV-WOM is boosted by the psychological perception of epidemic protection.
T158 19740-19774 Sentence denotes So, we hypothesized the following:
T159 19775-19902 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 3c (H3c):  Epidemic protection mediates the association between COVID-19 word of mouth and online social presence.
T160 19903-20028 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 4b (H4b):  Epidemic protection mediates the association between role of E-government and online social presence.
T161 20030-20034 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T162 20035-20092 Sentence denotes Attitudes toward Epidemic Outbreak and Its Mediating Role
T163 20093-20791 Sentence denotes A study showed that people’s attitudes toward an epidemic outbreak are more influenced by information on social media compared with physical discussion because source reliability has no impact on the health information provided online [51].People obtain information about the outbreak through social media and mobile health apps [26].However, a risk of client secrecy exists because online services are substantially affected by the happiness of clients [52].We took attitudes toward an epidemic outbreak as a mediating effect, meaning that attitudes toward an epidemic outbreak will promote or mediate the relationship of two independent variables and social online presence, as shown in Figure 2.
T164 20792-20963 Sentence denotes Research showed that the availability of a vaccine for an epidemic affects people’s attitudes toward the outbreak; for publicizing a vaccine, online sources are important.
T165 20964-21072 Sentence denotes During epidemics, curiosity about a vaccine is more influenced by publicity, not by the epidemic conditions.
T166 21073-21171 Sentence denotes However, vaccine uptake is also influenced by the epidemic condition when epidemic increases [53].
T167 21172-21290 Sentence denotes Recommendations by doctors, friends, and relatives stimulate people [54] as they discuss their responses to epidemics.
T168 21291-21383 Sentence denotes People who are isolated during an epidemic must recognize the importance of protection [55].
T169 21384-21593 Sentence denotes Research in Toronto, Canada, proved the willingness of people to participate in studies and the stress experienced by medical experts due to wearing of caring apparatus and being infected by disease in Canada.
T170 21594-21833 Sentence denotes As these medical experts were involved in attempting to cure a disease about which they had little knowledge, they were worried that they would be next targets when they saw their coworkers becoming sick and dying due to the epidemic [56].
T171 21834-21948 Sentence denotes Lack of trust in government was observed in the public in Korea when attempting to control the MERS epidemic [57].
T172 21949-22142 Sentence denotes However, our focus was on the effect of 2019-nCoV-WOM and the role of E-Govt to protect the people during long-term outbreak, and to examine the response of people during the quarantine period.
T173 22143-22230 Sentence denotes We supposed that public attitude toward epidemics affects their online social presence.
T174 22231-22346 Sentence denotes In China, people are willing to share news and have positive attitudes when sharing the good news about protection.
T175 22347-22381 Sentence denotes So, we hypothesized the following:
T176 22382-22484 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 3b (H3b):  Attitude toward epidemic outbreak considerably affects online social presence.
T177 22485-22643 Sentence denotes The attitude of the public toward a situation impacts their online social presence and affects the role of E-Govt and 2019-nCoV-WOM on online social presence.
T178 22644-22757 Sentence denotes This means that if the attitude of the public is positive, it mediates role of E-Govt and online social presence.
T179 22758-22786 Sentence denotes Hence, we hypothesized that:
T180 22787-22928 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 4c (H4c):  Attitude toward epidemic outbreak mediates the association between COVID-19 word of mouth and online social presence.
T181 22929-23072 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 5b (H5b):  Attitude toward epidemic outbreak mediates the association between the role of E-government and online social presence.
T182 23074-23078 Sentence denotes 2.5.
T183 23079-23122 Sentence denotes Online Social Presence in Epidemic Outbreak
T184 23123-23305 Sentence denotes According to social presence theory [58], social presence is about intimacy, feeling of closeness, familiarity, immediacy, and urgency to exchange information and motives in society.
T185 23306-23386 Sentence denotes Online social presence is important during epidemic outbreak quarantine periods.
T186 23387-23490 Sentence denotes It not only plays an important role in the coordination of society but also in the creation of motives.
T187 23491-23592 Sentence denotes Online social presence is predicted by online streaming, mediating communal television pleasure [26].
T188 23593-23743 Sentence denotes Among the magnitudes of social presence (telepresence and social presence), online social presence indirectly plays a role in the mediating direction.
T189 23744-23877 Sentence denotes Findings encouraged innovative marketing policy through which participation can be optimistic by refining presence fundamentals [59].
T190 23878-23970 Sentence denotes People are more attracted toward celebrities, which strengthens online social presence [60].
T191 23971-24092 Sentence denotes So, if celebrities are active during outbreak periods, they can motivate people to increase their online social presence.
T192 24093-24276 Sentence denotes In addition, human sympathy is apparent on online sites and especially social sites, representing their online social presence and recognizing their interactions and feelings [58,61].
T193 24277-24432 Sentence denotes The capability of a platform to deliver personal indications and increase online social presence willingness [59] is interceded by useful commitments [62].
T194 24433-24544 Sentence denotes Every website provides specific confidentiality, which is expressively affected by online social presence [63].
T195 24545-24710 Sentence denotes Private platforms are facilitated by online social presence [64], so we predicted that they also affect the online response of people in quarantine during epidemics.
T196 24711-24803 Sentence denotes Sociability, pleasure, and belief are emotive reactions that reconcile social presence [59].
T197 24804-24891 Sentence denotes These three responses were felt across the Chinese nation during the COVID-19 outbreak.
T198 24892-25021 Sentence denotes People believe that we will overcome this deadly virus and people were seen to be more emotional and social during this pandemic.
T199 25022-25124 Sentence denotes Online social presence varies from their level of appointment, which reveals intellectual burden [65].
T200 25125-25187 Sentence denotes Contribution by people is inspired by their social value [66].
T201 25188-25386 Sentence denotes Addiction to social networking sites (SNS) also improves online social presence and increases people’s pleasure when interacting socially, also improving social communication and gratification [26].
T202 25387-25444 Sentence denotes Online social presence influences online engagement [67].
T203 25446-25448 Sentence denotes 3.
T204 25449-25470 Sentence denotes Materials and Methods
T205 25472-25476 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T206 25477-25487 Sentence denotes Study Area
T207 25488-25523 Sentence denotes We included two areas in our study:
T208 25524-25590 Sentence denotes Wuhan in Hubei (all cities from this province) and Anhui province.
T209 25591-25640 Sentence denotes Participants of our study were mostly from Wuhan.
T210 25641-25735 Sentence denotes Anhui (Hefei province) is the nearest city to Wuhan, so we also considered Anhui in our study.
T211 25736-25915 Sentence denotes We were all in quarantine (except one doctor as a writer for medical terminology association but she is not living in China), directly experiencing the feelings of this situation.
T212 25917-25921 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T213 25922-25950 Sentence denotes Data Sampling and Collection
T214 25951-26030 Sentence denotes Random sampling and snowball sampling techniques were used to collect the data.
T215 26031-26109 Sentence denotes It was impossible for us to go to Wuhan due to quarantine during the outbreak.
T216 26110-26143 Sentence denotes We were quarantined by ourselves.
T217 26144-26222 Sentence denotes To avoid this hindrance on data collection, we decided to collect data online.
T218 26223-26292 Sentence denotes We sent our questionnaire to the people of Wuhan and Anhui provinces.
T219 26293-26430 Sentence denotes Data was collected during the COVID-19 quarantine period, which has been in place for almost one month and continued during the research.
T220 26431-26559 Sentence denotes Most of the participants were Chinese; however, we also included foreigners living in Wuhan and Anhui because of their presence.
T221 26560-26659 Sentence denotes However, due to various countries’ evacuation policies, we decided to exclude the foreigners’ data.
T222 26660-26779 Sentence denotes Due to the mixed participants of our study, we used two versions of the questionnaire to overcome any language barrier.
T223 26780-26912 Sentence denotes We used an English version for data collection from foreigners and a Chinese version for the domestic population in Wuhan and Anhui.
T224 26913-27082 Sentence denotes To increase interest and willingness of participants we sent them HONGBAO (lucky money) to the group owners of Wechat through Wechat (only owners, not the participants).
T225 27083-27215 Sentence denotes We collected data from 704 people (still ongoing, the corresponding author is willing to help any researchers with future research).
T226 27216-27338 Sentence denotes In total, the participants included 315 men and rest were women (we aimed to obtain participants equally from both sexes).
T227 27339-27479 Sentence denotes Due to online foreigners’ evacuation during data collection, we excluded 21 records during analysis and used 683 valid samples for analysis.
T228 27480-27574 Sentence denotes After the evacuation policy implementation, we decided to stop the collection from foreigners.
T229 27575-27652 Sentence denotes The demographic characteristics of our research data are provided in Table 1.
T230 27653-27740 Sentence denotes Moreover, the itemized sources of constructs used in the research are given in Table 2.
T231 27742-27746 Sentence denotes 3.3.
T232 27747-27767 Sentence denotes Statistical Analysis
T233 27768-27822 Sentence denotes The steps in our methodology are reported in Figure 3.
T234 27823-27957 Sentence denotes From 2013 onward, a noticeable increase in participation of partial least squares structural equation modeling has been reported [72].
T235 27958-28147 Sentence denotes If not familiar with the data type or if the data have a common factor or are composite-based, findings illustrate that use partial least squares (PLS) is the best choice for analysis [73].
T236 28148-28359 Sentence denotes Appraisal and review studies explained that in management research with multivariable analysis techniques, the application of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) has been increased [74].
T237 28360-28443 Sentence denotes PLS-SEM is being increasingly used in investigative and theory-based research [75].
T238 28444-28566 Sentence denotes Use of PLS is increasing in different branches of management, especially research with one-variable-based techniques [76].
T239 28567-28677 Sentence denotes Past studies showed that PLS-SEM in different branches of management research have used multivariate analysis.
T240 28678-28961 Sentence denotes As research in online user psychology is in its infancy and is not as developed as management research, the existing psychological studies about patients during pandemics during a sensitive time period (isolation)does not adequately explain the behavioral psychology of online users.
T241 28962-29023 Sentence denotes As such, we applied PLS-SEM (smart PLS) in our research [74].
T242 29025-29027 Sentence denotes 4.
T243 29028-29035 Sentence denotes Results
T244 29037-29041 Sentence denotes 4.1.
T245 29042-29070 Sentence denotes Measurement Model Assessment
T246 29071-29200 Sentence denotes To assess our measurement model, we verified the concurrent validity, discriminate validity, and composite reliability (CR) [77].
T247 29201-29347 Sentence denotes In addition to the square root values of the average variance extracted (AVE), we compared constructs to determine the discriminate validity [78].
T248 29348-29403 Sentence denotes Factor loading values should be greater than 0.70 [79].
T249 29404-29527 Sentence denotes For data validity and measurement, the value of the AVE should be greater than 0.5 [80], CR > 0.7 [78], and rho > 0.7 [81].
T250 29528-29712 Sentence denotes Table 3 provides the reliability and validity of our measurement scales and Table 4 provides the results of the Fornell–Larcker test used to check distinguished and divergent validity.
T251 29714-29718 Sentence denotes 4.2.
T252 29719-29746 Sentence denotes Structured Model Assessment
T253 29747-29935 Sentence denotes To create intervals of confidence and t-values, we used bootstrapping (4000 re samples) to check for imagined associations between the concerned constructs of the planned structured model.
T254 29936-30294 Sentence denotes Streukens, S., et al. [82] stated that bootstrap replications can vary considerably from a minimum of 500 to a maximum of 5000.In other words, statistic inconsistency is checked using the inconsistency of data using bootstrapping, which is a nonparametric resampling method, instead of using parametric statements to check the accuracy of approximation [83].
T255 30295-30366 Sentence denotes Efron, B., et al. [84] proposed using more than 1000 bootstrap samples.
T256 30367-30438 Sentence denotes The mediation effect is absent if the direct effect is not significant.
T257 30439-30534 Sentence denotes Figure 1 illustrates the hypotheses testing of direct effects, which are also shown in Table 3.
T258 30535-30576 Sentence denotes Table 3 also provides the fit statistics.
T259 30577-30673 Sentence denotes Dependent variables indicate an important and positive precursor to their independent variables.
T260 30674-30757 Sentence denotes Particularly, the role of E-Govt was a noteworthy predictor of epidemic protection.
T261 30758-30888 Sentence denotes As can be seen from Figure 4 and Table 5, all of the hypotheses were supported [85] for the direct effect hypothesis at this step.
T262 30889-30989 Sentence denotes To check the importance of the structural path coefficients, we report the confidence interval [86].
T263 30990-31081 Sentence denotes These were supported because we did not add up zero values in any confidence interval [78].
T264 31082-31197 Sentence denotes At present, in standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) PLS path modeling, mostly model fit criteria are used.
T265 31198-31420 Sentence denotes We checked the accuracy of the fit by using different tools like value of normed fit index (NFI), the non-normed fit index (NNFI), the comparative fit index (CFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and SRMR.
T266 31421-31501 Sentence denotes Values equal to or higher than 0.95 in NFI, NNFI, and CFI indicate the best fit.
T267 31502-31590 Sentence denotes Sufficient adjustment was represented by RMSEA and SRMR with values less than 0.06 [87].
T268 31591-31888 Sentence denotes For comparatively good fit between the hypothesized model and observed data, a cut-off value near to 0.08 for SRMR and near 0.06 is best for RMSEA; Hu, L.T. et al. [88] stated that a zero value for SRMR indicates an ideal fit but if the value is smaller than 0.05,the fit is satisfactory fit [89].
T269 31889-32017 Sentence denotes We investigated the standards of the coefficient of determination (R2) to verify the predictive strength of our structure model.
T270 32018-32105 Sentence denotes Collective consequences of exogenous contracts on endogenous constructs were indicated.
T271 32106-32197 Sentence denotes The R2 of the endogenous latent variables is the vital decisive factor for this evaluation.
T272 32198-32369 Sentence denotes This marker is used, from the perspective of a statistical model, to forecast future results or can be used to check the hypothesis on behalf of other related information.
T273 32370-32470 Sentence denotes R2 also provides the results of the calculations and describes the practicality of the results [90].
T274 32471-32569 Sentence denotes Researchers can also use PLS procedure to check their model’s out-of-sample predictive power [91].
T275 32570-32627 Sentence denotes In-sample predictive power, we also refer to the R2 [92].
T276 32628-32699 Sentence denotes R2 varies from 0 to 1 and greater values show better descriptive power.
T277 32700-32821 Sentence denotes Substantial, moderate, and weak descriptive powers are indicated by R2 values of 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25, respectively [93].
T278 32822-32897 Sentence denotes PLS-SEM is less dependent on the model fit concept compared to CB-SEM [79].
T279 32898-33115 Sentence denotes As recommended [74] RMSEA cut-off values equal to or less than 0.08 using modification in R2 report effect size (f2) indicated that the effect of our dependent variables on independent variables was very satisfactory.
T280 33117-33121 Sentence denotes 4.3.
T281 33122-33158 Sentence denotes Effect Size and Predictive Relevance
T282 33159-33343 Sentence denotes The effect of the exogenous latent construct on the endogenous latent construct having three possible answers, i.e., substantial, moderate, and weak, was found using theF2 effect size.
T283 33344-33418 Sentence denotes The blindfold method was used to check the strength of the research model.
T284 33419-33608 Sentence denotes Cohen’s f2 is an identical measure of effect size that also permits checking the local effect size, which is the effect of one variable compared with the multivariate regression model [94].
T285 33609-33722 Sentence denotes If the cross-validated redundancy (Q2) is higher than 0,then the model is related to predicting that factor [95].
T286 33723-34014 Sentence denotes We focused on in-sample prediction more, compared to out-sample prediction, prognostic significance Q2, and relative relevance Q2, which are alternatives for evaluating a model’s practical relevance, in addition to consulting R2 outcomes as a gauge of a model’s predictive capabilities [95].
T287 34015-34114 Sentence denotes R2, Q2, path coefficients, and the effect size (f2) are the decisive factors we use for evaluation.
T288 34115-34231 Sentence denotes In addition to this evaluation, researchers are required to check the inner model for potential co linearity issues.
T289 34232-34340 Sentence denotes If the constructs are interrelated, then results approximated by the inner model are considered biased [96].
T290 34341-34392 Sentence denotes A model’s predictive accuracy is decided by the R2.
T291 34393-34503 Sentence denotes The R2 value also characterizes the combined consequence of exogenous variables on the endogenous variable(s).
T292 34504-34534 Sentence denotes The effect ranges from 0 to 1.
T293 34535-34609 Sentence denotes A value of 1 indicates complete predictive accuracy as can see in Table 6.
T294 34610-34680 Sentence denotes Cohen’s f2 was calculated to check the effect size of each path model.
T295 34681-34773 Sentence denotes When a construct was removed from the model, we calculated f2 while making no changes to R2.
T296 34774-34843 Sentence denotes Researchers have to approximate two PLS path models for computing f2.
T297 34844-34955 Sentence denotes The effect size of the omitted construct for a particular endogenous construct can be found by standard values:
T298 34956-35051 Sentence denotes 0.02 for small, 0.15 for medium, and 0.35 for a large effect on the basis of the f2 value [96].
T299 35052-35129 Sentence denotes This discussion supports the use of our mediators and variables in the model.
T300 35131-35135 Sentence denotes 4.4.
T301 35136-35167 Sentence denotes Multiple Mediating Effect Tests
T302 35168-35336 Sentence denotes In the PLS path model, mediator variables absorb the effect of an exogenous construct on an endogenous construct; this absorption of effect is known as meditation [96].
T303 35337-35414 Sentence denotes The mediation effect can be investigated using many tools, including PLS-SEM.
T304 35415-35681 Sentence denotes Though researchers use an older method to determine the mediation effect in PLS-SEM, the procedure that identifies the effect of a precursor variable on the findings and results is judged by mediation; in other words, mediation considers transitional variables [97].
T305 35682-35888 Sentence denotes A mediating variable may have a transitional role in the association between dependent and independent variables, and engagement of this third variable is the important feature of the mediating effect [98].
T306 35889-35958 Sentence denotes Clarification and elaboration are the main effects of mediation [81].
T307 35959-36107 Sentence denotes As such, we included multi-mediation concepts in the results of social presence theory and for psychological aspects during outbreaks (see Table 7).
T308 36108-36295 Sentence denotes The results of the effects of exogenous variables (role of E-Govt and 2019-nCoV-WOM) on the endogenous variable (online social presence) with the mediating effect are provided in Table 7.
T309 36296-36413 Sentence denotes Multiple mediation paths outcomes and potency (level) of mediation effects are demonstrated in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
T310 36414-36532 Sentence denotes Precise indirect effects were investigated by bootstrapping techniques with the help of the bias correction technique.
T311 36533-36704 Sentence denotes The two independent variables (role of E-Govt and2019-nCoV-WOM) affected online social presence; these effects support H1b, H2b, and H3c in that order, as mentioned above.
T312 36706-36710 Sentence denotes 4.5.
T313 36711-36746 Sentence denotes Magnitude and Strength of Mediation
T314 36747-36848 Sentence denotes To determine whether H4b, H5b, H3c, and H4c are supported, we used the proposals by Hair et al. [85].
T315 36849-36953 Sentence denotes To finalize conclusions about the mediation effect; we calculated the amount and magnitude of mediation.
T316 36954-37073 Sentence denotes We incorporated the variance accounted for (VAF) method to calculate the strength of mediation (Figure 5 and Figure 6).
T317 37074-37241 Sentence denotes If VAF is less than 0.2, there is no mediation; if VAF is less than or equal to 0.8, there is a partial mediation; if VAF is greater than 0.8, there is full mediation.
T318 37242-37444 Sentence denotes The magnitude and strength of epidemic protection (H4b: a1b1) and attitude toward epidemic outbreak (H5b: a2b2) mediated the association between the role of E-Govt and online social presence (Figure 5).
T319 37445-37672 Sentence denotes We found via comparison that epidemic protection has a partial mediation effect on the role of E-Govt and online social presence because the VAF value was more than 0.2, which indicated that there is a partial mediation effect.
T320 37673-37699 Sentence denotes As such, H4b is supported.
T321 37700-37888 Sentence denotes Attitude toward epidemic outbreaks mediated the association between 2019-nCoV-WOM and online social presence; the VAF value was greater than 0.2, which indicated the presence of mediation.
T322 37889-38077 Sentence denotes Therefore, we hypothesized imaginary harmonizing partial mediation because the effects of 2019-nCoV-WOMwere considerable both directly and indirectly and their products were positive [99].
T323 38078-38222 Sentence denotes Hair et al. [85] Concluded that complementary and competitive mediation can be differentiated if direct and indirect effects are more prominent.
T324 38223-38335 Sentence denotes The condition in which direct and indirect effects work in the same direction is called complementary mediation.
T325 38336-38405 Sentence denotes This means the outcome of the direct and indirect effect is positive.
T326 38406-38632 Sentence denotes The magnitude and strength of the mediation effect of epidemic protection (H3c: a3b1) and attitude toward epidemic outbreak (H4c: a4b2) mediating the association of 2019-nCoV-WOMand online social presence is shown in Figure 6.
T327 38633-38736 Sentence denotes In comparison, the VAF value was higher than 0.2, which indicated the presence and effect of mediation.
T328 38737-38858 Sentence denotes Due to the prominent direct and indirect effects of 2019-nCoV-WOM, the complementary partial mediation was also positive.
T329 38859-39001 Sentence denotes The comparison showed that the association between 2019-nCoV-WOM and online social presence was mediated by attitude toward epidemic outbreak.
T330 39002-39124 Sentence denotes The VAF value was higher than 0.2, which indicated partial mediation, also supporting the multi-mediation hypothesis [99].
T331 39126-39130 Sentence denotes 4.6.
T332 39131-39169 Sentence denotes Impact–Performance Map Analysis (IPMA)
T333 39170-39269 Sentence denotes IPMA, also called impact–performance map or priority map analysis, is a useful approach in PLS-SEM.
T334 39270-39385 Sentence denotes IPMA adds facets and measurements that consider the scores of latent variables reporting the path coefficient [99].
T335 39386-39540 Sentence denotes Approaches to determining the role of precursor constructs and their significance for management actions are offered by the PLS-SEM studies based on IPMA.
T336 39541-39620 Sentence denotes IPMA compares the significance and recital (performance of the variables) [99].
T337 39621-39740 Sentence denotes Analysis dimensions are used to demonstrate the results of path coefficient approximation extended by IPMA in Figure 7.
T338 39741-39911 Sentence denotes The advantage of IPMA is the validation of total effects and a representation of their significance in a construct with an average score that indicates their performance.
T339 39912-40008 Sentence denotes Our main purpose with the construct was to find the most significant component in the construct.
T340 40009-40089 Sentence denotes Online ratings are associated with higher enjoyment than negative reviews [100].
T341 40090-40269 Sentence denotes To the best of our knowledge, the broader tasks and household behaviors of the community and family members in social media and role of E-Govt have been relatively under-examined.
T342 40271-40273 Sentence denotes 5.
T343 40274-40284 Sentence denotes Discussion
T344 40285-40421 Sentence denotes We used an online questionnaire and proposed a unique conceptual model and multi-mediation model to achieve the objectives of our study.
T345 40422-40787 Sentence denotes We constructed eight hypotheses for the direct effects (H1a, H1b,H1c,H2a,H2b,H2c,H3a, and H3b) and four hypothesis (H4b,H5b,H3c, and H4c) for the mediation effect of our dual mediators, i.e., epidemic protection and attitude toward epidemic outbreak, with their indirect effect between the role of E-Govt and2019-nCoV-WOM on online social presence during outbreaks.
T346 40788-40967 Sentence denotes Our results are supported by Mmijail et al. [101] who concluded that local government affects the attitude and decision-making process of people with their e-government platforms.
T347 40968-41089 Sentence denotes The results of our study showed that role of E-Govt have a strong effect on the attitude of the public toward quarantine.
T348 41090-41178 Sentence denotes Our study results also showed that public relationship directly influences positive WOM.
T349 41179-41378 Sentence denotes Our study results are supported by Kim et al., who concluded that local government affects the social presence of community participants and the identified individuals’ attitudes and community [102].
T350 41379-41631 Sentence denotes Our study results revealed that attitude toward epidemic outbreak has a strong mediation effect between the role of E-Govt and online social presence during outbreaks, indicating that other governments and organizations can follow China’s safety model.
T351 41632-41784 Sentence denotes The Chinese government allowed full opportunity to be online and for online users to promote hand washing and mask wearing during the COVID-19 outbreak.
T352 41785-42005 Sentence denotes As for as effect of 2019-nCoV-WOM and online social presence is concerned, our study findings are supported a the previous study [102] in which human voice and WOM were found to have a positive impact on social presence.
T353 42006-42093 Sentence denotes Our findings showed that 2019-nCoV-WOM has a positive effect on online social presence.
T354 42095-42097 Sentence denotes 6.
T355 42098-42109 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T356 42110-42157 Sentence denotes Online social presence is increasing worldwide.
T357 42158-42242 Sentence denotes Social media has become increasingly important, especially for COVID-19 information.
T358 42243-42364 Sentence denotes In this study, we determined the impact of the role of e-government and COVID-19 word of mouth on online social presence.
T359 42365-42487 Sentence denotes We estimated the mediation impact of epidemic protection and attitude toward epidemic outbreaks on online social presence.
T360 42488-42611 Sentence denotes The key results showed that the role of e-government and COVID-19 word of mouth positively impacted online social presence.
T361 42612-42740 Sentence denotes Similarly, epidemic protection and attitude toward epidemic outbreak showed positive mediation impact on online social presence.
T362 42741-42817 Sentence denotes From estimated results, we outline some implications and policy suggestions:
T363 42818-42946 Sentence denotes During quarantine, people have more free time to participate in social media, which increases their desire to be present online.
T364 42947-43127 Sentence denotes For themselves and society, they want to participate in disease protection and to provide suggestions to perform positively during the difficult time caused by COVID-19 quarantine.
T365 43128-43243 Sentence denotes People can obtain basic information and protection measures from e-government and obtain specifics about the issue.
T366 43244-43483 Sentence denotes For practical implementations during epidemic outbreaks, the results suggest that the health authorities and government should pay more attention to managing the attitude toward outbreaks and its relationship with the role of e-government.
T367 43484-43594 Sentence denotes People’s perceptions about the government will help build their willingness toward long-term pandemic control.
T368 43596-43598 Sentence denotes 7.
T369 43599-43641 Sentence denotes Research Limitations and Future Directions
T370 43642-43689 Sentence denotes Some limitations were unavoidable in our study.
T371 43690-43858 Sentence denotes We used two sampling techniques: random sampling and snowball sampling; future research can be improved using different kind of sampling and data collection techniques.
T372 43859-43932 Sentence denotes The second major limitation was the use of single type of role of E-Govt.
T373 43933-44202 Sentence denotes The reason behind this limitation was the ongoing quarantine, so it was impossible to compare the relationship of 2019-nCoV-WOM in online social presence with offline discussion because personal meetings, face-to-face contact, physical interviews, etc. were prohibited.
T374 44203-44366 Sentence denotes However, future research can be improved using different types of research variables, using web scraping and web mining of top trends complete protection analyses.
T375 44367-44509 Sentence denotes However, our findings can be implemented to improve online social presence and increase emotive protection during epidemic quarantine periods.
T376 44510-44549 Sentence denotes Fourth, the data were collected online.
T377 44550-44773 Sentence denotes Therefore, we were unable to gauge the respondents’ responses during data collection, although people were very motivated to share their answers to the questionnaire because of the involvement of the role of the government.
T378 44774-44877 Sentence denotes More adequate research can be conducted by expanding the study area, e.g., people from other countries.
T379 44878-44993 Sentence denotes Our study was limited to two provinces because as of6 March, 2020, these two provinces were still under quarantine.
T380 44994-45158 Sentence denotes The study could also be further improved by focusing on recovered patients and comparing different countries affected by COVID-19 using the proposed research model.
T381 45159-45404 Sentence denotes Further research on special issues is highly encouraged in other countries that have different isolation facilities, e.g., free internet, quiz competitions for children, etc., on the basis of the theoretical background, web scraping, and trends.
T382 45406-45421 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments
T383 45422-45504 Sentence denotes Authors express sincere thanks to the anonymous reviewers for productive comments.
T384 45505-45575 Sentence denotes We are also thankful to Xiaojian Hu and MengjieHu for the inspiration.
T385 45577-45597 Sentence denotes Author Contributions
T386 45598-45703 Sentence denotes Conceptualization, A.Y. and X.H.; Data collection, J.S. and S.A.N.; Formal analysis, M.A.; Software, A.R.
T387 45704-45780 Sentence denotes All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
T388 45782-45789 Sentence denotes Funding
T389 45790-45927 Sentence denotes This research was funded by the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of China, grant number 16YJA630017.
T390 45929-45950 Sentence denotes Conflicts of Interest
T391 45951-46003 Sentence denotes The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
T392 46005-46032 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Conceptual model.
T393 46033-46065 Sentence denotes Figure 2 Multi-mediation model.
T394 46066-46097 Sentence denotes Figure 3 Steps in methodology.
T395 46098-46144 Sentence denotes Figure 4 Structured model and direct effects.
T396 46145-46193 Sentence denotes Figure 5 Magnitude of mediation of H4b and H5b.
T397 46194-46241 Sentence denotes Figure 6 Magnitude of mediation of H3c and H4c
T398 46242-46291 Sentence denotes Figure 7 Impact performance map analysis (IPMA).
T399 46292-46336 Sentence denotes Table 1 Demographics of study participants.
T400 46337-46379 Sentence denotes Classification Frequency (n) Percentage
T401 46380-46417 Sentence denotes Sex MaleFemale 315368 46.12%53.87%
T402 46418-46487 Sentence denotes Marital status MarriedUnmarriedDivorced 30935618 45.24%52.12%2.63%
T403 46488-46569 Sentence denotes Age Under 1818–3031–4041–50Above 50 2725922514329 3.95%37.92%32.94%20.93%4.24%
T404 46570-46597 Sentence denotes Table 2 Scale development.
T405 46598-46626 Sentence denotes Construct Items and Sources
T406 46627-46701 Sentence denotes Role of E-Govt Efforts of E-Govt, trust in E-Govt, support of E-Govt [26]
T407 46702-46768 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV-WOM Information,countries’ status, 2019-nCoV- plan [68]
T408 46769-46836 Sentence denotes Epidemic protection Hand wash, mask, motivation to protect [69,70]
T409 46837-46938 Sentence denotes Attitude toward epidemic outbreak Willingness to quarantine, health psychology, doctors’ advice [71]
T410 46939-47058 Sentence denotes Online Social presence in outbreak More present in quarantine, present for social support, present to discuss COVID-19
T411 47059-47115 Sentence denotes Table 3 Reliability and validity of measurement scales.
T412 47116-47168 Sentence denotes Construct Item Outer Loading Mean SD α CR AVE
T413 47169-47233 Sentence denotes Role of E-Govt E-Govt 1 0.921 5.045 1.376 0.8 0.883 0.717
T414 47234-47263 Sentence denotes E-Govt 2 0.935 5.104 1.155
T415 47264-47293 Sentence denotes E-Govt 3 0.932 5.125 1.144
T416 47294-47356 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV-WOM CONV-1 0.749 5.557 0.853 0.921 0.95 0.864
T417 47357-47384 Sentence denotes CONV-2 0.895 5.509 0.994
T418 47385-47411 Sentence denotes CONV-3 0.89 5.402 0.947
T419 47412-47480 Sentence denotes Epidemic protection E-P 1 0.901 5.255 1.026 0.847 0.908 0.767
T420 47481-47507 Sentence denotes E-P 2 0.913 5.321 1.077
T421 47508-47534 Sentence denotes E-P 3 0.809 5.227 0.807
T422 47535-47618 Sentence denotes Attitude toward epidemic outbreak ATOB 1 0.844 5.427 0.924 0.806 0.886 0.721
T423 47619-47646 Sentence denotes ATOB 2 0.846 5.364 0.856
T424 47647-47674 Sentence denotes ATOB 3 0.857 5.469 1.058
T425 47675-47758 Sentence denotes Online social presence in Outbreak S-P 1 0.877 5.254 0.902 0.817 0.891 0.732
T426 47759-47782 Sentence denotes S-P2 0.855 5.38 0.98
T427 47783-47809 Sentence denotes S-P 3 0.835 5.305 0.818
T428 47810-48071 Sentence denotes Note: E-Govt, role of E-government; CONV, COVID-19 word of mouth; E-P, Epidemic protection; S-P, online social presence during outbreak.SD, α, CR, and AVE are standard deviation, Cronbach’s α, composite reliability, and average variance extracted, respectively.
T429 48072-48103 Sentence denotes Table 4 Discriminant validity.
T430 48104-48141 Sentence denotes ATOB 2019-nCoV-WOM E-Govt S-p E-P
T431 48142-48154 Sentence denotes ATOB 0.849
T432 48155-48183 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV-WOM 0.701 0.847
T433 48184-48211 Sentence denotes E-Govt 0.640 0.637 0.93
T434 48212-48244 Sentence denotes S-P 0.710 0.753 0.636 0.856
T435 48245-48284 Sentence denotes E-P 0.727 0.737 0.631 0.711 0.876
T436 48285-48290 Sentence denotes Note:
T437 48291-48435 Sentence denotes Values in bold indicate square root of average variance extracted (AVE), which must be higher than the values in the column to confirm validity.
T438 48436-48462 Sentence denotes Table 5 Structured model.
T439 48463-48513 Sentence denotes Relationship Direct Effect t-Value Decision F2
T440 48514-48562 Sentence denotes H1a E-Govt→ E-P 0.272 8.075 Supported 0.107
T441 48563-48611 Sentence denotes H1b E-Govt→ S-p 0.137 3.317 Supported 0.028
T442 48612-48660 Sentence denotes H1c E-Govt→ ATOB 0.326 8.68 Supported 0.142
T443 48661-48713 Sentence denotes H2a conv19-WOM→E-P 0.563 16.353 Supported 0.456
T444 48714-48764 Sentence denotes H2b conv19-WOM→S-P 0.368 8.34 Supported 0.149
T445 48765-48818 Sentence denotes H2c conv19-WOM→ATOB 0.493 12.674 Supported 0.323
T446 48819-48863 Sentence denotes H3a E-P→S-P 0.187 4.359 Supported 0.037
T447 48864-48909 Sentence denotes H3b ATOB→S-P 0.228 5.835 Supported 0.059
T448 48910-48956 Sentence denotes Table 6 Effect size and predictive relevance.
T449 48957-49024 Sentence denotes Endogenous Variables Q2 R 2 Exogenous Variables Effect Size f2
T450 49025-49075 Sentence denotes E-P 0.425 0.587 E-Govt2019-nCoV-WOM 0.1070.456
T451 49076-49127 Sentence denotes ATOB 0.378 0.554 E-Govt2019-nCoV-WOM 0.1420.323
T452 49128-49195 Sentence denotes S-P 0.456 0.659 E-Govt2019-nCoV-WOME-PATOB 0.0280.1490.0370.059
T453 49196-49297 Sentence denotes Note: E-P, S-P, and ATOB are dependent variables; E-Govt and 2019-nCoV-WOM are independent variables.
T454 49298-49326 Sentence denotes Table 7 Mediation analysis.
T455 49327-49399 Sentence denotes Mediation Path Specific Indirect Effect T-value p-value Total Effect
T456 49400-49461 Sentence denotes H 4 b E-Govt→ E-P→S-P 0.051 3.951 0.000 0.125*** (7.320)
T457 49462-49504 Sentence denotes H 5b E-Govt→ATOB→S-p 0.074 5.189 0.000
T458 49505-49571 Sentence denotes H 3c 2019-nCoV-WOM→E-P→S-P 0.106 4.093 0.000 0.218*** (7.224)
T459 49572-49620 Sentence denotes H4c 2019-nCoV-WOM→ATOB→S-P 0.113 5.262 0.000
T460 49621-49716 Sentence denotes Note: E-P and ATOB are mediating variables; E-Govt and 2019-nCoV-WOM are independent variables.
T461 49717-49791 Sentence denotes S-P is dependent variables for this table. *** indicates strong mediation.