LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7214329 / 1921-18087 JSONTXT 11 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T21 0-258 Sentence denotes The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus virus (SARS-CoV-2).1 , 2 The disease was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, which then spread rapidly from Wuhan to other areas of China.
T22 259-391 Sentence denotes As of March 22, 2020, a total of 81,563 cases have been confirmed in China, and an outbreak occurred in several countries worldwide.
T23 392-461 Sentence denotes The virus is highly contagious, and people are generally susceptible.
T24 462-641 Sentence denotes Many healthcare workers have been infected during patient care.3 SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through infected respiratory droplets and close contact with the infected person.
T25 642-937 Sentence denotes Further, there is risk for aerosol transmission when the virus is exposed to high concentrations of aerosol for a long time in a relatively closed environment.4 , 5 An environment contaminated with the feces and urine of infected patients may also cause transmission through aerosol or contact.6
T26 938-1105 Sentence denotes To contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, some designated hospitals have been appointed by the Chinese government as special treatment sites for the patients with COVID-19.
T27 1106-1276 Sentence denotes Patients in the designated hospital were in high density, the SARS-CoV-2 could be excreted by respiratory droplets or aerosols, contaminating the surrounding environment.
T28 1277-1529 Sentence denotes It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable and infectious in aerosols for hours and on surfaces up to days.7 If environmental disinfection is not thorough or effective, SARS-CoV-2 may spread widely and can even lead to nosocomial infection.
T29 1530-1864 Sentence denotes Researchers suggest that improving the environmental sanitation quality can reduce the spread of pathogens in hospitals and even prevent hospital infection outbreak.8 However, the extent of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and the potential contribution of this contamination to SARS-CoV-2 transmission are poorly understood.
T30 1865-2124 Sentence denotes The present study was performed in a designated hospital to evaluate environmental contamination in the air and surfaces by SARS-CoV-2 RNA qualitative detection and to investigate whether environmental contamination may play a role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
T31 2126-2133 Sentence denotes Methods
T32 2135-2148 Sentence denotes Study setting
T33 2149-2186 Sentence denotes This study was conducted in Wuhan No.
T34 2187-2345 Sentence denotes 7 Hospital, which was originally a comprehensive Grade 2A hospital and then became one of the first batch designated hospitals for COVID-19 in Hubei Province.
T35 2346-2419 Sentence denotes The hospital started to treat patients with COVID-19 on January 22, 2020.
T36 2420-2557 Sentence denotes It comprises general isolation wards, intensive care unit (ICU), fever clinic, clinical laboratory, office areas, and restrooms (Fig 1 ).
T37 2558-2931 Sentence denotes All regions of the hospital were divided into 2 categories: (1) moderate- and high-risk regions, including the medical areas such as patient room, nurses’ station, buffer room for taking off personal protective equipment (PPE), and fever clinic, and (2) low-risk regions, including the living quarters such as the restrooms, office areas, and buffer room for taking on PPE.
T38 2932-3051 Sentence denotes Fig 1 Room layout of the general isolation ward 1 and the living quarters showing environmental and air sampling sites.
T39 3052-3388 Sentence denotes Numbered labels correspond to environmental sampling sites. ① beepers; ② bed rails; ③ desktops;④ bedside tables;⑤ oxygen cylinder valve;⑥ medical equipment such as ventilator, monitors, and X-ray devices, etc;⑦ door handles;⑧ elevator buttons;⑨ keyboards;⑩ computer mouses;⑪ telephones; ⑫ water machine buttons; A refers to air samples.
T40 3389-3627 Sentence denotes The medical area with moderate and high risk contains patient's room, nurses station, buffer room for taking off PPE, and elevator; the living quarters with low risk contains the rest rooms, office area, and buffer room for taking on PPE.
T41 3629-3646 Sentence denotes Sample collection
T42 3647-3810 Sentence denotes Flocked swabs, premoistened with viral transport medium, were collected from environmental surfaces that were frequently touched by patients or healthcare workers.
T43 3811-4049 Sentence denotes The surfaces included beeper, keyboard, computer mouse, telephone, door handle, desktop, medical equipment, bedrail, bedside table, oxygen cylinder valve, elevator button, and others such as refrigerator, IV port, and sample transfer box.
T44 4050-4378 Sentence denotes Air samples from medical areas were collected through natural precipitation according to the Hygienic Standard for Disinfection in Hospitals.9 All samples were collected under emergency conditions around 8:00 AM before routine cleaning and disinfection and were delivered to the clinical laboratory immediately after collection.
T45 4380-4420 Sentence denotes Reverse transcription PCR and sequencing
T46 4421-4540 Sentence denotes The suspension was used for real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
T47 4541-4702 Sentence denotes The real-time RT-PCR assay was performed using a SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Shanghai ZJ Bio-Tech Co., Ltd.).
T48 4703-4992 Sentence denotes Two different targets on the SARS-CoV-2 genome, namely, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nucleocapsid (N) genes, were employed, and a third target, the envelope (E) gene, was used for real-time quantitative PCR.10 A sample was considered positive when the qPCR Ct value was ≤43.
T49 4994-5014 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis
T50 5015-5096 Sentence denotes Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 software (SPSS Inc.).
T51 5097-5308 Sentence denotes The differences in the positive rates between the medical areas and the living quarters and the general isolation ward and ICU were compared by the χ2 test; the Fisher exact test was used when data were limited.
T52 5309-5391 Sentence denotes A 2-sided α of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
T53 5393-5400 Sentence denotes Results
T54 5402-5413 Sentence denotes Air samples
T55 5414-5538 Sentence denotes Of the 44 air samples collected in medical areas, none of all was positive for SARS-CoV-2 as assessed by RT- PCR (Table 1 ).
T56 5539-5619 Sentence denotes Table 1 Positive rate of air samples from different departments in medical areas
T57 5620-5670 Sentence denotes Areas NO.of tests NO.of Positive Positive rate (%)
T58 5671-5704 Sentence denotes General isolation wards 13 0 0.00
T59 5705-5720 Sentence denotes Ward 1 3 0 0.00
T60 5721-5736 Sentence denotes Ward 2 3 0 0.00
T61 5737-5752 Sentence denotes Ward 3 1 0 0.00
T62 5753-5768 Sentence denotes Ward 4 2 0 0.00
T63 5769-5784 Sentence denotes Ward 5 3 0 0.00
T64 5785-5800 Sentence denotes Ward 6 1 0 0.00
T65 5801-5831 Sentence denotes Intensive care units 13 0 0.00
T66 5832-5854 Sentence denotes Fever clinic 18 0 0.00
T67 5855-5878 Sentence denotes Emergency room 3 0 0.00
T68 5879-5904 Sentence denotes Observation room 1 0 0.00
T69 5905-5928 Sentence denotes Treatment room 1 0 0.00
T70 5929-5951 Sentence denotes Infusion room 1 0 0.00
T71 5952-5977 Sentence denotes Diagnosis room 1 2 0 0.00
T72 5978-6003 Sentence denotes Diagnosis room 2 2 0 0.00
T73 6004-6038 Sentence denotes Throat swab sampling room 2 0 0.00
T74 6039-6059 Sentence denotes Public area 6 0 0.00
T75 6060-6075 Sentence denotes Total 44 0 0.00
T76 6077-6106 Sentence denotes Environmental surface samples
T77 6107-6206 Sentence denotes The positive rates of samples from environmental surfaces in different areas are shown in Table 2 .
T78 6207-6302 Sentence denotes Of the 200 swab samples taken from environmental surfaces, 38 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
T79 6303-6450 Sentence denotes Thirty-six (24.83%) of the 145 samples collected in medical areas and 2 (3.64%) of the 55 collected in living quarters were positive for the virus.
T80 6451-6551 Sentence denotes The positive rate in medical areas was significantly higher than that in living quarters (P = .001).
T81 6552-6724 Sentence denotes The positive rates were 25.00% and 37.50% for the general isolation ward and ICU, respectively, and no significant difference was observed between these regions (P = .238).
T82 6725-6873 Sentence denotes Two positive samples were detected in the office area, one was detected on the surface of a keyboard, and another was on the surface of a telephone.
T83 6874-6952 Sentence denotes Table 2 Positive rate of samples from environmental surface in different areas
T84 6953-7005 Sentence denotes Areas No. of tests No. of positive Positive rate (%)
T85 7006-7032 Sentence denotes Medical areas 145 36 24.83
T86 7033-7067 Sentence denotes General isolation ward 72 18 25.00
T87 7068-7085 Sentence denotes Ward 1 12 6 50.00
T88 7086-7102 Sentence denotes Ward 2 12 0 0.00
T89 7103-7120 Sentence denotes Ward 3 12 4 33.33
T90 7121-7138 Sentence denotes Ward 4 12 3 25.00
T91 7139-7155 Sentence denotes Ward 5 12 1 8.33
T92 7156-7173 Sentence denotes Ward 6 12 4 33.33
T93 7174-7205 Sentence denotes Intensive care units 24 9 37.50
T94 7206-7234 Sentence denotes Clinical laboratory 7 0 0.00
T95 7235-7258 Sentence denotes Fever clinic 42 9 21.43
T96 7259-7284 Sentence denotes Emergency room 12 6 50.00
T97 7285-7311 Sentence denotes Observation room 4 1 25.00
T98 7312-7335 Sentence denotes Treatment room 4 0 0.00
T99 7336-7358 Sentence denotes Infusion room 4 0 0.00
T100 7359-7385 Sentence denotes Diagnosis room 1 4 1 25.00
T101 7386-7411 Sentence denotes Diagnosis room 2 4 0 0.00
T102 7412-7446 Sentence denotes Throat swab sampling room 8 0 0.00
T103 7447-7468 Sentence denotes Public area 2 1 50.00
T104 7469-7494 Sentence denotes Living quarters 55 2 3.64
T105 7495-7516 Sentence denotes Office area 22 2 9.09
T106 7517-7536 Sentence denotes Rest room 33 0 0.00
T107 7537-7555 Sentence denotes Total 200 38 19.00
T108 7556-7675 Sentence denotes The positive rates of samples from environmental surfaces of specific sites in medical areas are presented in Table 3 .
T109 7676-7871 Sentence denotes In medical areas, the PCR-positive samples were obtained from the surface of keyboards, computer mice, beepers, bedside tables, bedrails, and medical equipment including ventilators and monitors.
T110 7872-7974 Sentence denotes In living quarters, the PCR-positive samples were obtained from the surface of telephones and desktop.
T111 7975-8189 Sentence denotes Samples taken from the surface of beepers (50.00%), water machine buttons (50.00%), elevator buttons (42.86%), computer mouses (40.00%), telephones (40.00%), and keyboards (33.33%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
T112 8190-8284 Sentence denotes Table 3 Positive rate of samples from environmental surface of specific sites in medical areas
T113 8285-8347 Sentence denotes Sampling site No. of tests No. of positivity Positive rate (%)
T114 8348-8365 Sentence denotes Beepers 6 3 50.00
T115 8366-8397 Sentence denotes Water machine buttons 8 4 50.00
T116 8398-8424 Sentence denotes Elevator buttons 7 3 42.86
T117 8425-8451 Sentence denotes Computer mouses 10 4 40.00
T118 8452-8473 Sentence denotes Telephones 10 4 40.00
T119 8474-8494 Sentence denotes Keyboards 15 5 33.33
T120 8495-8523 Sentence denotes Medical equipment 13 4 30.77
T121 8524-8555 Sentence denotes Oxygen cylinder valve 8 2 25.00
T122 8556-8575 Sentence denotes Desktops 18 3 16.67
T123 8576-8594 Sentence denotes Bedrails 7 1 14.29
T124 8595-8619 Sentence denotes Bedside tables 7 1 14.29
T125 8620-8636 Sentence denotes Gloves 7 1 14.29
T126 8637-8659 Sentence denotes Door handles 15 0 0.00
T127 8660-8676 Sentence denotes Others 14 1 7.14
T128 8677-8695 Sentence denotes Total 145 36 24.83
T129 8697-8707 Sentence denotes Discussion
T130 8708-8801 Sentence denotes Aerosol transmission of the virus could lead to the spread of an epidemic infectious disease.
T131 8802-9058 Sentence denotes However, previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted within family and hospital-associated populations,3 , 11 , 12 indicating that this virus spreads mainly through close contact and infected respiratory droplets rather than through aerosols.
T132 9059-9236 Sentence denotes In our study, the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any of the 44 air samples, indicating that the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols is yet to be confirmed.
T133 9237-9508 Sentence denotes An air sampler that could force larger volumes of air should be required to detect low concentrations of the virus in the clinical environment in further studies.13 Conversely, in the designated hospitals for COVID-19, strict measures for air purification had been taken.
T134 9509-9579 Sentence denotes The most important measure was to open windows to promote ventilation.
T135 9580-9993 Sentence denotes If mobility could increase air exchange and reduce the virus concentration, then the probability of infection is greatly reduced.14 , 15 Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet light could kill the coronavirus effectively.16 For rooms with poor ventilation in the designated hospital, an ultraviolet air disinfection machine with 24 hours ultraviolet disinfection filtration was devoted to sterilize the air.
T136 9994-10074 Sentence denotes The positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the 200 surface samples was 19.00%.
T137 10075-10244 Sentence denotes The positive rate in medical areas was higher than that in the living quarters, demonstrating the efficacy of the nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies.
T138 10245-10399 Sentence denotes The wards were divided into different areas according to the risk level of infection, separating patients and healthcare workers using a physical barrier.
T139 10400-10483 Sentence denotes Targeted measures for nosocomial infection prevention and control were carried out.
T140 10484-10656 Sentence denotes Individuals in the designated hospital were required to adhere to the regulations imposed in different areas, and crossing of those different areas was strictly prohibited.
T141 10657-10826 Sentence denotes The results showed that application of physical barriers combined with behavioral management can effectively prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the designated hospital.
T142 10827-10986 Sentence denotes Two positive samples taken from the living quarters indicated the importance of more careful and thorough environmental cleaning and disinfection in this area.
T143 10987-11179 Sentence denotes The positive rates in areas such as general isolation ward 1, general isolation ward 3, general isolation ward 6, ICU, emergency room, and fever clinic in public area were, on average, higher.
T144 11180-11308 Sentence denotes In our study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from the environmental surfaces frequently touched by patients and healthcare workers.
T145 11309-11454 Sentence denotes The top 5 sites with a positive infection rate were beepers, water machine buttons, elevator buttons, computer mouses, telephones, and keyboards.
T146 11455-11643 Sentence denotes Special emphasis should be placed on the cleaning and disinfection of the crucial parts of key departments, and intensive disinfection should be instituted and done by professional nurses.
T147 11644-11828 Sentence denotes Water machine buttons and elevator buttons that are frequently used by healthcare workers or patients are some of the neglected sites in the hospital, often not cleaned or disinfected.
T148 11829-11892 Sentence denotes These sites can potentially become contaminated with the virus.
T149 11893-12328 Sentence denotes Use of keyboard protection films was recommended for easier cleaning and disinfection.17 The positive rate in medical equipment surfaces such as ventilators, monitors, and X-ray devices was 30.77%, suggesting that the equipment surface can be contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 through infected respiratory secretions of infected patients; these contaminated surfaces caused the spread of the virus to healthcare workers during patient care.
T150 12329-12416 Sentence denotes Fixed use of equipment for each patient was recommended to prevent cross contamination.
T151 12417-12494 Sentence denotes Furthermore, all reusable medical equipment should be disinfected thoroughly.
T152 12495-12543 Sentence denotes One of 7 gloves was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
T153 12544-12860 Sentence denotes This suggests that healthcare workers can come into contact with the contaminated surfaces mentioned above, and when hand hygiene or glove removal precautions fail, the virus and other microorganisms would spread to other surfaces and/or patients and/or healthcare workers, leading to hospital-associated infections.
T154 12861-13015 Sentence denotes Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and has been recommended in numerous guidelines.
T155 13016-13116 Sentence denotes Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.18 , 19 Hand hygiene rules should be strictly observed.
T156 13117-13246 Sentence denotes Based on the results of our study, it can be concluded that the environment around patients with COVID-19 is widely contaminated.
T157 13247-13422 Sentence denotes To protect healthcare workers, more thorough infection prevention and control guidelines are needed, as well as delivering methods to prevent contact transmission of COVID-19.
T158 13423-13533 Sentence denotes Current guidelines suggest gloves, gowns, respirators, and eye protectors as PPE during COVID-19 patient care.
T159 13534-13937 Sentence denotes There is also need for more careful and comprehensive procedures for putting on and removing PPE.20 In addition, the basic environmental hygiene and disinfection measures should be put in place.21 The environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes during the COVID-19 epidemic were similar in all areas: surface cleaning and disinfection using chlorine-based disinfectants were conducted twice per day.
T160 13938-14038 Sentence denotes There were some limitations in the process of environmental disinfection in the designated hospital.
T161 14039-14144 Sentence denotes First, environmental surface disinfection was implemented by spraying a chlorine-containing disinfectant.
T162 14145-14296 Sentence denotes However, spraying cannot cover the surface evenly, such as the corners, and the effect of disinfection cannot be guaranteed without the wiping process.
T163 14297-14438 Sentence denotes Moreover, spraying disinfectants may lead to harms to patients and health care workers, thus spraying disinfection should not be recommended.
T164 14439-14557 Sentence denotes Second, the cleaning work in the designated hospital was mostly done by volunteer cleaners during this special period.
T165 14558-14627 Sentence denotes They received the necessary training without professional experience.
T166 14628-14745 Sentence denotes Third, all samples were collected under emergency conditions around 8:00 AM before routine cleaning and disinfection.
T167 14746-14835 Sentence denotes The result may indicate that the usual frequency of disinfection did not meet the demand.
T168 14836-14981 Sentence denotes The data obtained in our study provided evidence of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the effectiveness of disinfection.
T169 14982-15704 Sentence denotes Significant environmental contamination suggests that the environment is a potential medium of transmission.22 We proposed the following suggestions: (1) environmental surface disinfection should include wiping in an “S”-shaped motion and not repeating the area that has already been cleaned, according to regulations for hospital-associated infection control in the ward of healthcare facilities (WS/T510-2016); (2) the frequency of disinfection should be increased appropriately, at least 3 times per day: twice during the day and once at night (disinfection should be conducted at any time in case of obvious contamination); and (3) cleaners should be trained repeatedly to ensure that they are qualified for their job.
T170 15705-15932 Sentence denotes In conclusion, our study demonstrated that environmental surfaces in designated hospitals for patients with COVID-19 were widely contaminated by SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the environment is a potential medium of transmission.
T171 15933-16166 Sentence denotes Strict environmental surface hygiene practices should be implemented to prevent healthcare workers from coming into contact with contaminated environmental surfaces, and hand hygiene should be promoted to prevent the spread of virus.