LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7212965 / 39112-44328 JSONTXT 11 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T243 0-21 Sentence denotes Antiviral Medications
T244 23-33 Sentence denotes Remdesivir
T245 34-127 Sentence denotes Limited data regarding GI adverse events are available, as phase 3 trials are still underway.
T246 128-451 Sentence denotes Based on studies regarding Ebola, there have been reports of elevated transaminases, although the severity and incidence have not been quantified.87 There is 1 published case series (n = 53) on compassionate use of remdesivir in COVID-19.88 In this study, the most common adverse effects were notably Gl and hepatotoxicity.
T247 452-596 Sentence denotes Five of 53 patients (9%) experienced diarrhea and 12 of 53 patients (23%) had reported elevations in hepatic enzymes associated with remdesivir.
T248 597-697 Sentence denotes Of 4 patients (8%) who discontinued treatment prematurely, 2 were due to elevated aminotransferases.
T249 699-718 Sentence denotes Lopinavir/ritonavir
T250 719-827 Sentence denotes The combination lopinavir/ritonavir is FDA-approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
T251 828-882 Sentence denotes More recently, it was utilized to treat MERS and SARS.
T252 883-1064 Sentence denotes There is 1 trial by Cao et al89 that randomized 199 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 to receive treatment to lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 99) or placebo (n = 100) for 14 days.
T253 1065-1456 Sentence denotes GI adverse events were most common among those in the treatment group, and were the primary reason for medication discontinuation; of patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir, there were 9.5% (9 of 99) with nausea, 6.3% (6 of 99) with vomiting, 4.2% (4 of 99) with diarrhea, 4.2% (4 of 99) with abdominal discomfort, 4.2% (4 of 99) with reported stomach ache, and 4.2% (4 of 99) with diarrhea.
T254 1457-1566 Sentence denotes Additionally, there were 2 serious adverse events of acute gastritis, which both led to drug discontinuation.
T255 1567-1738 Sentence denotes When lopinavir/ritonavir is used in patients with HIV, diarrhea is the most common GI adverse events (10%–30%), with greater prevalence among those receiving higher doses.
T256 1739-1872 Sentence denotes Other GI adverse events in HIV are similar to Cao et al’s RCT, with nausea in 5%–15% and vomiting in 5%–10% of patients90 (Table 3 ).
T257 1873-1964 Sentence denotes Table 3 Gastrointestinal Treatment Adverse Effects of Currently Utilized COVID-19 Therapies
T258 1965-2041 Sentence denotes Medication type Medication name Adverse effects Major drug–drug interactions
T259 2042-2066 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal Hepatic
T260 2067-2206 Sentence denotes Antimalarial ChloroquineHydroxychloroquine Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea reported; frequency not defined Likelihood score:
T261 2207-2279 Sentence denotes D (possible rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).Description:
T262 2280-2317 Sentence denotes Rare elevations in aminotransferases.
T263 2318-2403 Sentence denotes Most reactions are hypersensitivity with no known cross reactivity to hepatic injury.
T264 2404-2471 Sentence denotes If this occurs, reasonable to switch between chloroquine therapies.
T265 2472-2564 Sentence denotes Substrate for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 substrateSame as above; also substrate for CYP3A5 and CYP2C8
T266 2565-2641 Sentence denotes Antiviral Remdesivir Not reported (limited data available) Likelihood score:
T267 2642-2665 Sentence denotes Not scored.Description:
T268 2666-2715 Sentence denotes Hepatotoxicity reported; frequency not yet known.
T269 2716-2766 Sentence denotes Not a significant inducer/inhibitor of CYP enzymes
T270 2767-2807 Sentence denotes Lopinavir/ritonavir Nausea and vomiting:
T271 2808-2835 Sentence denotes 5%–10% (higher in children:
T272 2836-2855 Sentence denotes 20%)Abdominal pain:
T273 2856-2871 Sentence denotes 1%–10%Diarrhea:
T274 2872-2937 Sentence denotes 10%–30% + dose-dependentOther: dysguesia in adults <2%, children:
T275 2938-2975 Sentence denotes 25%, increased serum amylase, lipase:
T276 2976-2982 Sentence denotes 3%–8%.
T277 2983-3000 Sentence denotes Likelihood score:
T278 3001-3074 Sentence denotes D (possible, rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).Description:
T279 3075-3256 Sentence denotes Hepatotoxicity ranges from mild elevations in aminotransferases to acute liver failure.Recovery takes 1–2 mo.Re-challenging may lead to recurrence and should be avoided if possible.
T280 3257-3371 Sentence denotes Substrate for: CYP3A4, CYP2D6P-gpInducer for: CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, UGT1A1Inhibitor for: CYP3A4
T281 3372-3400 Sentence denotes Favipiravir Nausea/vomiting:
T282 3401-3416 Sentence denotes 5%–15%Diarrhea:
T283 3417-3459 Sentence denotes 5%Limited data available Likelihood score:
T284 3460-3482 Sentence denotes Not scoredDescription:
T285 3483-3521 Sentence denotes 3% prevalence, but few data available.
T286 3522-3616 Sentence denotes Inhibitor for: CYP2C8 and aldehyde oxidaseMetabolized by xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase
T287 3617-3738 Sentence denotes The Cao et al89 RCT did not show a significant increase in hepatotoxicity in the treatment compared to the control group.
T288 3739-4122 Sentence denotes However, in patients with HIV, there is a well-documented known risk of hepatotoxicity, with liver injury severity ranging from mild enzyme elevations to acute liver failure.91 Moderate-to-severe elevations in serum aminotransferases, defined as more than 5 times the ULN, are found in 3%–10%.91 Rates may be higher in patients with concurrent HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infection.
T289 4123-4347 Sentence denotes In some cases, mild asymptomatic elevations are self-limited and can resolve with continuation of the medication, but re-challenging the medication can also lead to recurrence and, therefore, should be avoided when possible.
T290 4348-4396 Sentence denotes Acute liver failure, although reported, is rare.
T291 4397-4544 Sentence denotes Ritonavir has potent effects on cytochrome P450 and therefore affects drug levels of a large number of medications typically given in GI practices.
T292 4546-4557 Sentence denotes Favipiravir
T293 4558-4615 Sentence denotes There are 2 published studies on favipiravir in COVID-19.
T294 4616-4856 Sentence denotes The first is an open-label RCT for favipiravir vs arbidol conducted in Wuhan, China by Chen et al.92 This study reported digestive tract reactions, including nausea, “anti-acid,” or flatulence in 13.79% (16 of 116) of the favipiravir group.
T295 4857-4950 Sentence denotes Hepatotoxicity characterized by any elevation in AST or ALT was reported in 7.76% (9 of 116).
T296 4951-5216 Sentence denotes The second is an open-label control study of favipiravir or lopinavir/ritonavir, both used in conjunction with interferon alfa, for COVID-19 by Cai et al,93 which reported diarrhea in 5.7% (2 of 35) and liver injury in 2.9% (1 of 35) (Supplementary Tables 2 and 3).