LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7210464 / 23926-27987 JSONTXT 7 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T180 0-35 Sentence denotes Selection of instrumental variables
T181 36-116 Sentence denotes The transmission rate of COVID-19 may be affected by many environmental factors.
T182 117-242 Sentence denotes Human-to-human transmission of COVID-19 is mostly through droplets and contacts (National Health Commission of the PRC 2020).
T183 243-395 Sentence denotes Weather conditions such as rainfall, wind speed, and temperature may shape infections via their influences on social activities and virus transmissions.
T184 396-522 Sentence denotes For instance, increased precipitation results in higher humidity, which may weaken virus transmissions (Lowen and Steel 2014).
T185 523-587 Sentence denotes The virus may survive longer with lower temperature (Wang et al.
T186 588-608 Sentence denotes 2020b; Puhani 2020).
T187 609-690 Sentence denotes Greater wind speed and therefore ventilated air may decrease virus transmissions.
T188 691-779 Sentence denotes In addition, increased rainfall and lower temperature may also reduce social activities.
T189 780-921 Sentence denotes Newly confirmed COVID-19 cases typically arise from contracting the virus within 2 weeks in the past (e.g., World Health Organization 2020b).
T190 922-1097 Sentence denotes The extent of human-to-human transmission is determined by the number of people who have already contracted the virus and the environmental conditions within the next 2 weeks.
T191 1098-1388 Sentence denotes Conditional on the number of people who are infectious and environmental conditions in the previous first and second weeks, it is plausible that weather conditions further in the past, i.e., in the previous third and fourth weeks, should not directly affect the number of current new cases.
T192 1389-1613 Sentence denotes Based on the existing literature, we select weather characteristics as the instrumental variables, which include daily maximum temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and the interaction between precipitation and wind speed.
T193 1614-1763 Sentence denotes We then regress the endogenous variables on the instrumental variables, contemporaneous weather controls, city, date, and city by week fixed effects.
T194 1764-1951 Sentence denotes Table 2 shows that F-tests on the coefficients of the instrumental variables all reject joint insignificance, which confirms that overall the selected instrumental variables are not weak.
T195 1952-2040 Sentence denotes The coefficients of the first stage regressions are reported in Table 9 in the appendix.
T196 2041-2068 Sentence denotes Table 2 First stage results
T197 2069-2108 Sentence denotes Jan 19–Feb 29 Jan 19–Feb 1 Feb 2–Feb 29
T198 2109-2117 Sentence denotes Own city
T199 2118-2173 Sentence denotes Average # new cases, 1-week lag F stat 11.41 4.02 17.28
T200 2174-2202 Sentence denotes p value 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
T201 2203-2257 Sentence denotes Average # new cases, 2-week lag F stat 8.46 5.66 10.25
T202 2258-2286 Sentence denotes p value 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
T203 2287-2348 Sentence denotes Average # new cases, previous 14 days F stat 18.37 7.72 21.69
T204 2349-2377 Sentence denotes p value 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
T205 2378-2417 Sentence denotes Other cities, inverse distance weighted
T206 2418-2474 Sentence denotes Average # new cases, 1-week lag F stat 19.10 36.29 17.58
T207 2475-2503 Sentence denotes p value 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
T208 2504-2560 Sentence denotes Average # new cases, 2-week lag F stat 36.32 19.94 37.31
T209 2561-2589 Sentence denotes p value 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
T210 2590-2652 Sentence denotes Average # new cases, previous 14 days F stat 47.08 33.45 46.22
T211 2653-2681 Sentence denotes p value 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
T212 2682-2842 Sentence denotes This table reports the F-tests on the joint significance of the coefficients on the instrumental variables (IV) that are excluded from the estimation equations.
T213 2843-3126 Sentence denotes Our IV include weekly averages of daily maximum temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and the interaction between precipitation and wind speed, during the preceding third and fourth weeks, and the averages of these variables in other cities weighted by the inverse of log distance.
T214 3127-3300 Sentence denotes For each F statistic, the variable in the corresponding row is the dependent variable, and the time window in the corresponding column indicates the time span of the sample.
T215 3301-3582 Sentence denotes Each regression also includes 1- and 2-week lags of these weather variables, weekly averages of new infections in the preceding first and second weeks in Wuhan which are interacted with the inverse log distance or the population flow, and city, date and city by week fixed effects.
T216 3583-3686 Sentence denotes Coefficients on the instrumental variables for the full sample are reported in Table 15 in the appendix
T217 3687-3800 Sentence denotes We also need additional weather variables to instrument the adoption of public health measures at the city level.
T218 3801-4024 Sentence denotes Since there is no theoretical guidance from the existing literature, we implement the Cluster-Lasso method of Belloni et al. (2016) and Ahrens et al. (2019) to select weather characteristics that have good predictive power.
T219 4025-4061 Sentence denotes Details are displayed in Appendix A.