LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7201122 / 210-5538 JSONTXT 9 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T4 0-14 Sentence denotes Correspondence
T5 15-174 Sentence denotes Reliable urban water supplies are essential to economic activity and depend on the continuous availability of clean water delivered by rivers (Haddeland et al.
T6 175-181 Sentence denotes 2014).
T7 182-270 Sentence denotes Estimates indicate that urban water demand may increase up to 80% by 2050 (Flörke et al.
T8 271-344 Sentence denotes 2018); however, the ability to meet the increasing demand varies locally.
T9 345-409 Sentence denotes Critical factors are the level of accessibility (Livesley et al.
T10 410-463 Sentence denotes 2016), water treatment infrastructure (Krueger et al.
T11 464-539 Sentence denotes 2019), and impacts from recurring summer drought, wildfires (Hallema et al.
T12 540-580 Sentence denotes 2018), and urbanization (Livesley et al.
T13 581-587 Sentence denotes 2016).
T14 588-768 Sentence denotes Recent observations of rapid environmental recovery add a new dimension to the debate, namely that of the potential impacts of COVID-19 pandemic responses on surface water quality.
T15 769-827 Sentence denotes Most poignant however are the improvements in air quality.
T16 828-1060 Sentence denotes Satellite data are showing significant reductions of NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) over major cities in China, Europe, the USA, and India following lockdowns enforced to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (NASA Earth Observatory 2020) (Fig. 1).
T17 1061-1169 Sentence denotes In Venice, Italy, canal water appeared visibly clearer following the lockdown (but not necessarily cleaner).
T18 1170-1296 Sentence denotes Presumably, reduced boat traffic on the canals resulted in lower sediment concentrations near the water’s surface (Link 2020).
T19 1297-1566 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) in the tropospheric column (mol cm−2) for the first 14 days of spring 2019 (top) and 2020 (bottom), respectively, several weeks after many countries worldwide initiated lockdowns [maps generated with the Giovanni online tool (Prados et al.
T20 1567-1690 Sentence denotes 2010) using data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA’s Aura satellite, 30% cloud screened, daily 0.25° resolution]
T21 1691-1916 Sentence denotes Notwithstanding the disastrous effects on public health and economic welfare, these cases are remarkable illustrations of the highly dynamic nature of environmental systems driven by natural processes like the wind and tides.
T22 1917-2068 Sentence denotes As post-pandemic water quality data becomes available, we can also expect to see examples of temporarily improved surface water quality in urban areas.
T23 2069-2357 Sentence denotes The nature and extent of these improvements will depend on the level of urbanization (regional and distribution within the watershed), climate (predominant wind direction and precipitation), and physical characteristics of the watershed (topography and infiltration dynamics of the soil).
T24 2358-2512 Sentence denotes The respective contributions of groundwater and storm drainage to river flow can indicate how reduced input of contaminants affects surface water quality.
T25 2513-2687 Sentence denotes Because upstream portions of watersheds often have a lower level of human disturbance, this is where large basins tend to exhibit a higher level of resilience (Hallema et al.
T26 2688-2694 Sentence denotes 2019).
T27 2695-2952 Sentence denotes Under an economic slowdown scenario, headwaters hundreds of kilometers away from urban areas will experience reduced deposition from nonpoint sources of pollution (regionally produced nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and other gaseous pollutants).
T28 2953-3198 Sentence denotes For example, given the reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations observed over Eastern China, Europe, the Northeastern United States, and India (Fig. 1), this is where urban surface water quality may start showing signs of temporary recovery.
T29 3199-3389 Sentence denotes Downstream surface waters may also receive less input from both point sources of pollution (e.g., industrial sites) and nonpoint sources (e.g., motorized traffic), as the lockdowns continue.
T30 3390-3589 Sentence denotes Under an economic worst-case scenario, input from other major nonpoint sources, like mining and agriculture, can potentially decline due to ripple effects created by a slowdown of the global economy.
T31 3590-3790 Sentence denotes The effects of reduced point source inputs on surface water quality might become evident within a matter of months while the effect of reduced nonpoint source inputs could take much longer to measure.
T32 3791-3983 Sentence denotes Given the frequent occurrence of urban water crises, it is critical to document how COVID-19 pandemic response management affects natural processes and surface water quality in the short term.
T33 3984-4102 Sentence denotes It is equally important to determine how we can better optimize the natural function of water supply areas (Sun et al.
T34 4103-4144 Sentence denotes 2018) once economic recovery is underway.
T35 4145-4393 Sentence denotes The current challenge, though, is that economic sectors and industries that contribute to pollution (e.g., energy, consumer, pharmaceutical, and other industries) receive little incentive to promote urban water quality beyond what the law requires.
T36 4394-4600 Sentence denotes They are chiefly evaluated in terms of total returns to the shareholders; however, an important collateral benefit of economic performance is the creation of jobs and public wealth (i.e., taxation revenue).
T37 4601-4873 Sentence denotes To improve the sustainability of water supplies and cover the associated cost, it will be necessary for the public, by way of governance, to improve laws and direct public wealth toward outcomes that simultaneously support environmental and economic goals (Claassen et al.
T38 4874-4880 Sentence denotes 2018).
T39 4881-4972 Sentence denotes There are very few positive aspects to be derived from the current public health emergency.
T40 4973-5106 Sentence denotes The environmental responses to the economic slowdown emphasize in the first place the negative effect of humans on their environment.
T41 5107-5328 Sentence denotes However, they are also a reminder that society has the ability to improve urban water quality in normal times, provided we make a conscious decision and concerted effort to create the conditions needed to reach that goal.