> top > projects > LitCovid-sentences > docs > PMC:7201122 > annotations
LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7201122 JSONTXT 21 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-41 Sentence denotes Pandemic spotlight on urban water quality
T2 43-51 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 52-208 Sentence denotes Surface water improvements associated with the COVID-19 economic slowdown illustrate environmental resiliency and societal control over urban water quality.
T4 210-224 Sentence denotes Correspondence
T5 225-384 Sentence denotes Reliable urban water supplies are essential to economic activity and depend on the continuous availability of clean water delivered by rivers (Haddeland et al.
T6 385-391 Sentence denotes 2014).
T7 392-480 Sentence denotes Estimates indicate that urban water demand may increase up to 80% by 2050 (Flörke et al.
T8 481-554 Sentence denotes 2018); however, the ability to meet the increasing demand varies locally.
T9 555-619 Sentence denotes Critical factors are the level of accessibility (Livesley et al.
T10 620-673 Sentence denotes 2016), water treatment infrastructure (Krueger et al.
T11 674-749 Sentence denotes 2019), and impacts from recurring summer drought, wildfires (Hallema et al.
T12 750-790 Sentence denotes 2018), and urbanization (Livesley et al.
T13 791-797 Sentence denotes 2016).
T14 798-978 Sentence denotes Recent observations of rapid environmental recovery add a new dimension to the debate, namely that of the potential impacts of COVID-19 pandemic responses on surface water quality.
T15 979-1037 Sentence denotes Most poignant however are the improvements in air quality.
T16 1038-1270 Sentence denotes Satellite data are showing significant reductions of NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) over major cities in China, Europe, the USA, and India following lockdowns enforced to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (NASA Earth Observatory 2020) (Fig. 1).
T17 1271-1379 Sentence denotes In Venice, Italy, canal water appeared visibly clearer following the lockdown (but not necessarily cleaner).
T18 1380-1506 Sentence denotes Presumably, reduced boat traffic on the canals resulted in lower sediment concentrations near the water’s surface (Link 2020).
T19 1507-1776 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) in the tropospheric column (mol cm−2) for the first 14 days of spring 2019 (top) and 2020 (bottom), respectively, several weeks after many countries worldwide initiated lockdowns [maps generated with the Giovanni online tool (Prados et al.
T20 1777-1900 Sentence denotes 2010) using data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA’s Aura satellite, 30% cloud screened, daily 0.25° resolution]
T21 1901-2126 Sentence denotes Notwithstanding the disastrous effects on public health and economic welfare, these cases are remarkable illustrations of the highly dynamic nature of environmental systems driven by natural processes like the wind and tides.
T22 2127-2278 Sentence denotes As post-pandemic water quality data becomes available, we can also expect to see examples of temporarily improved surface water quality in urban areas.
T23 2279-2567 Sentence denotes The nature and extent of these improvements will depend on the level of urbanization (regional and distribution within the watershed), climate (predominant wind direction and precipitation), and physical characteristics of the watershed (topography and infiltration dynamics of the soil).
T24 2568-2722 Sentence denotes The respective contributions of groundwater and storm drainage to river flow can indicate how reduced input of contaminants affects surface water quality.
T25 2723-2897 Sentence denotes Because upstream portions of watersheds often have a lower level of human disturbance, this is where large basins tend to exhibit a higher level of resilience (Hallema et al.
T26 2898-2904 Sentence denotes 2019).
T27 2905-3162 Sentence denotes Under an economic slowdown scenario, headwaters hundreds of kilometers away from urban areas will experience reduced deposition from nonpoint sources of pollution (regionally produced nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and other gaseous pollutants).
T28 3163-3408 Sentence denotes For example, given the reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations observed over Eastern China, Europe, the Northeastern United States, and India (Fig. 1), this is where urban surface water quality may start showing signs of temporary recovery.
T29 3409-3599 Sentence denotes Downstream surface waters may also receive less input from both point sources of pollution (e.g., industrial sites) and nonpoint sources (e.g., motorized traffic), as the lockdowns continue.
T30 3600-3799 Sentence denotes Under an economic worst-case scenario, input from other major nonpoint sources, like mining and agriculture, can potentially decline due to ripple effects created by a slowdown of the global economy.
T31 3800-4000 Sentence denotes The effects of reduced point source inputs on surface water quality might become evident within a matter of months while the effect of reduced nonpoint source inputs could take much longer to measure.
T32 4001-4193 Sentence denotes Given the frequent occurrence of urban water crises, it is critical to document how COVID-19 pandemic response management affects natural processes and surface water quality in the short term.
T33 4194-4312 Sentence denotes It is equally important to determine how we can better optimize the natural function of water supply areas (Sun et al.
T34 4313-4354 Sentence denotes 2018) once economic recovery is underway.
T35 4355-4603 Sentence denotes The current challenge, though, is that economic sectors and industries that contribute to pollution (e.g., energy, consumer, pharmaceutical, and other industries) receive little incentive to promote urban water quality beyond what the law requires.
T36 4604-4810 Sentence denotes They are chiefly evaluated in terms of total returns to the shareholders; however, an important collateral benefit of economic performance is the creation of jobs and public wealth (i.e., taxation revenue).
T37 4811-5083 Sentence denotes To improve the sustainability of water supplies and cover the associated cost, it will be necessary for the public, by way of governance, to improve laws and direct public wealth toward outcomes that simultaneously support environmental and economic goals (Claassen et al.
T38 5084-5090 Sentence denotes 2018).
T39 5091-5182 Sentence denotes There are very few positive aspects to be derived from the current public health emergency.
T40 5183-5316 Sentence denotes The environmental responses to the economic slowdown emphasize in the first place the negative effect of humans on their environment.
T41 5317-5538 Sentence denotes However, they are also a reminder that society has the ability to improve urban water quality in normal times, provided we make a conscious decision and concerted effort to create the conditions needed to reach that goal.
T42 5540-5553 Sentence denotes Abbreviations
T43 5554-5587 Sentence denotes COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019
T44 5588-5638 Sentence denotes NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
T45 5639-5697 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
T46 5698-5714 Sentence denotes Publisher’s Note
T47 5715-5833 Sentence denotes Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
T48 5835-5851 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T49 5852-5867 Sentence denotes Not applicable.
T50 5869-5891 Sentence denotes Authors’ contributions
T51 5892-5963 Sentence denotes DWH and FNR analyzed and interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript.
T52 5964-5990 Sentence denotes SGM edited the manuscript.
T53 5991-6047 Sentence denotes All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
T54 6049-6056 Sentence denotes Funding
T55 6057-6091 Sentence denotes DWH receives funding from the U.S.
T56 6092-6142 Sentence denotes Fish and Wildlife Service and USDA Forest Service.
T57 6143-6231 Sentence denotes FNR receives funding from Global Water Futures through the Boreal Water Futures project.
T58 6232-6304 Sentence denotes SGM receives funding from the USDA Forest Service and USDA Climate Hubs.
T59 6305-6414 Sentence denotes Opinions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of the US Government.
T60 6416-6450 Sentence denotes Availability of data and materials
T61 6451-6557 Sentence denotes Data are publicly accessible via NASA Earthdata’s Giovanni web interface, https://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/.
T62 6559-6601 Sentence denotes Ethics approval and consent to participate
T63 6602-6617 Sentence denotes Not applicable.
T64 6619-6642 Sentence denotes Consent for publication
T65 6643-6658 Sentence denotes Not applicable.
T66 6660-6679 Sentence denotes Competing interests
T67 6680-6723 Sentence denotes The authors declare no competing interests.