| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T222 |
0-225 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, several studies reported higher expression of various co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules such as OX-40 and CD137 (Zhou et al., 2020c), CTLA-4 and TIGIT (Zheng et al., 2020a), and NKG2a (Zheng et al., 2020b). |
| T223 |
226-395 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Reduced numbers of CD28+ CD8 T cells (Qin et al., 2020) as well as larger frequencies of PD-1+ TIM3+ CD8 T cells in ICU patients were also reported (Zhou et al., 2020c). |
| T224 |
396-594 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Expression of most of these markers was found to be higher in CD8 than in CD4 T cells, and levels tended to increase in severe versus non-severe cases, which may be due to differences in viral load. |
| T225 |
595-972 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Cellular functionality was shown to be impaired in CD4 and CD8 T cells of critically ill patients, with reduced frequencies of polyfunctional T cells (producing more than one cytokine) as well as generally lower IFN-γ and TNF-α production following restimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (Chen et al., 2020c, Zheng et al., 2020a, Zheng et al., 2020b). |
| T226 |
973-1171 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Similarly, Zheng et al. reported that CD8 T cells in severe COVID-19 appear less cytotoxic and effector-like with reduced CD107a degranulation and granzyme B (GzmB) production (Zheng et al., 2020b). |
| T227 |
1172-1315 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In contrast, a different study found that both GzmB and perforin were increased in CD8 T cells of severely sick patients (Zheng et al., 2020a). |
| T228 |
1316-1673 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In accordance with the latter observation, when compared to a moderate disease group, convalescent patients with resolved severe SARS-CoV-1 infection had significantly higher frequencies of polyfunctional T cells, with CD4 T cells producing more IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 and CD8 T cells producing more IFN-γ, TNF-α, and CD107a, respectively (Li et al., 2008). |
| T229 |
1674-1865 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, given the vigorous dynamics of acute T cell responses and potential differences in sample timing throughout disease course, these observations are not necessarily mutually exclusive. |
| T230 |
1866-2132 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Accordingly, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data by Liao et al. showed that CD8 T cells in the BAL fluid of severe COVID-19 patients express cytotoxic genes such as GZMA, GZMB, and GZMK at higher levels, while KLRC1 and XCL1 are enriched in mild cases (Liao et al., 2020). |
