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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-63 Sentence denotes A hundred days into the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic
T2 65-234 Sentence denotes On 8 April 2020, 100 days have passed since ProMed posted a ‘request for information’ about the emergence of a cluster of viral pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan [1].
T3 235-412 Sentence denotes Back then, a number of similarities triggered memories of the beginning of the severe respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 [2].
T4 413-611 Sentence denotes Today, the ProMed post of 30 December 2019 appears far back in time; the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has far exceeded the 2003 SARS epidemic in terms of magnitude and impact.
T5 612-933 Sentence denotes Since the beginning of January 2020, weeks and days have been dominated by changes that had a major bearing on people’s professional and personal lives; changes in the epidemic, changes in knowledge about the virus and the disease, and changes in public health measures at a scale that only months ago were inconceivable.
T6 935-953 Sentence denotes Epidemic evolution
T7 954-1070 Sentence denotes In January and February, the worldwide focus of attention was China where cases and fatalities increased day by day.
T8 1071-1266 Sentence denotes Just 30 days after ProMed’s post, on 29 January, 6,065 confirmed COVID-19 cases had been notified worldwide, mainly from China, where all 1,239 severe cases and 132 COVID-19 deaths were reported.
T9 1267-1425 Sentence denotes At that point, only 68 cases had been identified in 15 countries outside mainland China, all of which had a link to China or to cases from China [3] (Figure).
T10 1426-1543 Sentence denotes By 28 February, 30 days later, 83,652 confirmed COVID-19 cases had been reported from 51 countries on all continents.
T11 1544-1756 Sentence denotes Countries outside mainland China still accounted for only 4.5% (n = 3,664) of the notified cases with some, including Italy, Germany, and France in Europe, already experiencing limited autochthonous transmission.
T12 1757-1960 Sentence denotes From late February, new infections in China declined rapidly after the implementation of sweeping social distancing measures, while attention turned to Europe, the new epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic.
T13 1961-2152 Sentence denotes Italy was initially the country hit the hardest by far, Spain, the Netherlands and others followed; France and Germany had experienced the first importation of cases already in January [4,5].
T14 2153-2344 Sentence denotes On 10 March, Italy passed the mark of 10,000 confirmed cases and on 19 March, the total number of fatalities in Italy exceeded 3,000, topping the total number of reported fatalities in China.
T15 2345-2545 Sentence denotes Cases with a link to Italy and neighbouring regions of Austria were detected in a number of European countries in February and early March, often linked to tourists returning from skiing holidays [6].
T16 2546-2693 Sentence denotes Outside Europe, Iran faced a rapid surge of COVID-19 followed by exportation of cases mostly to countries in the Middle East but also overseas [7].
T17 2694-2961 Sentence denotes More recently, the United States in North America, and in Europe the United Kingdom emerged as new epidemic hotspots with 124,655 cases plus 2,191 fatalities and 17,089 cases plus 1,019 fatalities, respectively, reported by 29 March, day 90 after the ProMed post [3].
T18 2962-3112 Sentence denotes Recently, increasing case numbers have also been seen in Africa and in Asian countries outside China that had not been affected early in the pandemic.
T19 3113-3343 Sentence denotes On 8 April, day 100 after ProMed’s ‘request for information’, 1,391,890 cases including 81,478 fatalities have been reported from more than 200 countries/territories worldwide and only few countries appear to have passed the peak.
T20 3344-3470 Sentence denotes Figure Reported COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population by country over 100 days, 30 December 2019–8 April 2020 (n = 1,391,890)
T21 3471-3615 Sentence denotes An animation of the cumulative number of reported of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population is provided in the supplementary material (Video S1).
T22 3616-3728 Sentence denotes On 31 December 2019, 27 cases were officially reported by the Hubei Provincial Health and Health Commission [1].
T23 3729-3812 Sentence denotes The red asterisk in panel A indicates the location of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
T24 3813-3820 Sentence denotes Source:
T25 3821-3872 Sentence denotes European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
T26 3873-3990 Sentence denotes The boundaries and names indicated on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the European Union.
T27 3991-4220 Sentence denotes International organisations such as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control have used novel technologies and open access resources as well as official reporting data to trace the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic.
T28 4221-4444 Sentence denotes For the first time, this has enabled updating public health practitioners, policymakers, infectious disease specialists and the general public on the numbers of pandemic cases in close to real time and with high resolution.
T29 4446-4485 Sentence denotes Knowledge gains and remaining questions
T30 4486-4708 Sentence denotes The virus causing COVID-19 was identified and announced on 7 January and by 10 January, sequences of five genomes had been shared, providing scientists around the world with a basis for development of diagnostic tests [8].
T31 4709-4817 Sentence denotes There was fast growing knowledge about several important parameters for understanding the spread of disease.
T32 4818-5477 Sentence denotes A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R0 to be within the range of 2–3 [9,10]; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5–6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11].
T33 5478-5719 Sentence denotes Further questions on topics such as the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, stability of the virus in the environment and main risk groups [12] were partly answered as the pandemic progressed.
T34 5720-5945 Sentence denotes Evidence of asymptomatic transmission was documented in several settings and a study based on an outbreak on a cruise ship determined the proportion of asymptomatic infections as 17.9% (95% credible interval: 15.5–20.2) [13].
T35 5946-6039 Sentence denotes Laboratory experiments provided data on the survival of the virus on different surfaces [14].
T36 6040-6217 Sentence denotes Aside from people older than 70 years, severe and fatal cases were seen particularly in men and people with hypertension, diabetes, underlying pulmonary diseases and in smokers.
T37 6218-6364 Sentence denotes Children were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [15], however, the role of children in disease transmission still needs to be fully elucidated.
T38 6365-6466 Sentence denotes The focus of ongoing research includes determining the duration of virus shedding and infectiousness.
T39 6467-6600 Sentence denotes Development of serological tests with good sensitivity and specificity for wide-scale use is necessary to assess population immunity.
T40 6601-6779 Sentence denotes Serological studies have been started in several European countries to define population immunity and studies on the duration of immunity will need to be conducted in the future.
T41 6780-6903 Sentence denotes Clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate treatment options with a variety of antiviral and other drugs.
T42 6904-7171 Sentence denotes The World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union-funded projects are coordinating multi-centre adaptive trials to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir with or without interferon-beta-1a [16,17].
T43 7172-7280 Sentence denotes A number of vaccine trials are ongoing worldwide with earliest results expected within the coming 18 months.
T44 7281-7438 Sentence denotes A number of questions and challenges that arose in the COVID-19 pandemic appear similar to those experienced during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic.
T45 7439-7805 Sentence denotes However, information sharing by scientists was faster in 2020, also facilitated by international organisations, widespread social media use and policies of a number of scientific journals, including Eurosurveillance, that enabled fast-tracking of peer-reviewed articles, publishing of articles already deposited in pre-print servers, and making articles open access.
T46 7806-7981 Sentence denotes In particular, the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) has allowed organisations like nextstrain.org to collectively perform analysis in almost real time.
T47 7983-8006 Sentence denotes Measures and challenges
T48 8007-8141 Sentence denotes The WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January and a pandemic on 11 March [18,19].
T49 8142-8294 Sentence denotes In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries worldwide have taken to a wide range of measures, initially to contain and later to mitigate its impact.
T50 8295-8510 Sentence denotes The current goal is primarily to limit the spread of the virus through physical distancing i.e. lowering contact rates in order to gain time for preparing critical services such as healthcare for a high demand [20].
T51 8511-8662 Sentence denotes Reducing exposure also aims to protect the most vulnerable population groups and healthcare workers in the absence of a vaccine and specific treatment.
T52 8663-8992 Sentence denotes In Europe, measures have comprised closure of borders, closure of educational institutions such as schools, nurseries and universities, closure of museums and theatres, closure of shops and restaurants, restriction of movement and suspension of public gatherings even with small groups of people, and lockdown of whole countries.
T53 8993-9240 Sentence denotes Obviously, these measures have a far-reaching impact on individuals and society as a whole and they were taken at different times and on a different scale depending on the countries’ epidemiological, geographical, political and societal situation.
T54 9241-9385 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a number of public health challenges and some vulnerabilities in health sector preparedness have become evident.
T55 9386-9584 Sentence denotes In times of public health emergencies, setting research priorities and conducting research risks duplication of efforts, and strong coordinating mechanisms and oversight are necessary to avoid this.
T56 9585-9704 Sentence denotes Further, timely communication and conveying uncertainties are a recurrent challenge for public health and policymakers.
T57 9705-9868 Sentence denotes Informed risk communication, streamlining of messages and collaboration with the media play an important role in mitigating the impact of any public health crisis.
T58 9869-10093 Sentence denotes A new challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic is how to identify the right moment and determine the correct means for escalation and de-escalation of measures taken at a scale that was beyond imagination for many only months ago.
T59 10094-10325 Sentence denotes While there will be common principles such as timeliness, proportionality and acceptability of measures, there will most probably not be one gold standard solution for all and the approaches will need to be flexible and responsive.
T60 10326-10426 Sentence denotes Only the future can show which strategies and measures were most successful in curbing the pandemic.
T61 10427-10608 Sentence denotes It has taken China around 100 days to start getting back to ‘normal’ and early signals from some countries seem to indicate that the increase of new infections may have slowed down.
T62 10609-10804 Sentence denotes However, the majority of countries worldwide are just beginning to see a surge in cases and excess all-cause mortality is high in several of the European countries most affected by COVID-19 [21].
T63 10805-10963 Sentence denotes While it is yet impossible to predict where we will be 100 days from now, COVID-19 will certainly still be on our agenda and there is no room for complacency.
T64 10965-10981 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T65 10982-11070 Sentence denotes Special thanks to Ariana Wijermans and Dragos Platon who created the maps and animation.
T66 11072-11093 Sentence denotes Conflict of interest:
T67 11094-11108 Sentence denotes None declared.
T68 11110-11128 Sentence denotes Supplementary Data
T69 11129-11139 Sentence denotes Supplement
T70 11140-11176 Sentence denotes Click here for additional data file.