LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7156578 / 16874-25864 JSONTXT 10 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T81 0-5 Sentence denotes China
T82 6-187 Sentence denotes I cut my humanitarian teeth in China in the 1970s and 1980s when an unprecedented 83% of the population was suffering from poverty and malnutrition, one of the highest in the world.
T83 188-283 Sentence denotes I was one of the few foreign physicians continually invited back under Maoʼs repressive regime.
T84 284-477 Sentence denotes This allowed me an unprecedented view of Chinaʼs attempt to re-define what is the anthesis to the established global WHO requirements that guaranteed population-based public health protections.
T85 478-588 Sentence denotes I taught basic public health management and reforms and helped establish emergency services to many hospitals.
T86 589-821 Sentence denotes I was engaged in these activities while the government emphasized unprecedented industrial and economic development that contributed to rapid and “remarkable achievements” in the overall social and economic health of the population.
T87 822-1183 Sentence denotes The incidence of poverty in China in 1981 declined from 85% to 27% in 2004, a reduction of slightly more than 600 million people, primarily accomplished through targeting rapid industrialization and village-based poverty.27 It also caused “twists and turns on the development of Chinaʼs public health” requirements, which lagged vastly behind industrialization.
T88 1184-1327 Sentence denotes Public health was never given the same priority and failed to catch up with changes that required timely updating and adjustment of services.28
T89 1328-1601 Sentence denotes While it took time to recognize that China was on a path to also politically and economically redefine public health protections, infrastructure, and development, warnings directed at Chinaʼs new regional Centers for Disease Control (CDC; Beijing, China) fell on deaf ears.
T90 1602-1822 Sentence denotes That same lack of coordination and collaboration remains evident today, placing China under a different microscope, one of greater scrutiny and judgment from the global community who sees their many poor health outcomes.
T91 1823-2021 Sentence denotes Many of these poor outcomes are especially related to air pollution in re-defining hazardous air by WHO Standards as “acceptable,” and prompting many in China and the world to ask “at what price?”29
T92 2022-2353 Sentence denotes In 2010, there was water scarcity in two-thirds of Chinaʼs 600 cities, 80% had no sewage treatment facilities, the food security program was unsustainable, 90% of groundwater was polluted, and major rivers had their downstream microorganism ecology altered by chemicals and fertilizers dumped by industry and cities into the water.
T93 2354-3239 Sentence denotes This resulted in new and re-emerging diseases.30 After identifying SARS origin from a wet market Civet source in August of 2016, President Xiʼs economic address, tied to security concerns, called for “full protection of peopleʼs health, stressing that public health should be given priority in the countryʼs development strategy.”31An independent survey of the Chinese citizenry two months later revealed that while the Chinese public agreed with Xiʼs need to promote Chinaʼs more influential role in the world, they raised grave concerns about environmental safety, numerous high-profile scandals regarding unsafe medical and food products, and water and air pollution.32 Chinaʼs story mirrors that of other developing countries in Asia, the fastest-growing region in the world, in that government spending on public health is inadequate and not focused on those who need it the most.
T94 3240-3542 Sentence denotes Studies in 2018-2019 confirm that 90 % of Chinaʼs groundwater is contaminated; tap water is not safe due to water contamination by the continued dumping of toxic human and industrial waste, because oxygen levels have obliterated normal organisms in all major rivers and only algae continue to flourish.
T95 3543-3841 Sentence denotes Air quality remains “very unhealthy” and continues to have a major toll on public health, resulting in 350,000 to 400,000 premature deaths.33,34 It remains unclear whether China will ever meet its air pollution goals, letalone participate in global climate commitments to reduce carbon emissions.34
T96 3842-4026 Sentence denotes No one in global public health was surprised to learn that once again a wet market animal, not suited for human consumption, was probably responsible for this yearʼs COVID-19 pandemic.
T97 4027-4361 Sentence denotes However, Chinese researchers now stress that the virus did not originate in the wet market, but was transferred from elsewhere, on December 8th and again on January 6th.35 Transmission could have begun in early December or late November, admitting the world-wide spread could have been limited had the earlier alerts been implemented.
T98 4362-4993 Sentence denotes After SARS in 2002, external pressure has also impacted on the development of Chinaʼs public health.36 During the SARS outbreak, the WHO directly told the Chinese government in its mission report in April 2003 that “[t]here was an urgent need to improve surveillance and infection control” in the country.37 Two years later, in a joint report issued by State Development Research Center (Beijing, China) and WHO, the Chinese government officially admitted its health care system was failing, and it needed to improve its disease surveillance system at the local wet market levels if they were to be seen as a “responsible state.”38
T99 4994-5120 Sentence denotes In December of 2019, the first cases of COVID-19 were diagnosed in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, and rapidly expanded.
T100 5121-5211 Sentence denotes For two weeks, the existence of a novel rapidly expanding virus was known to President Xi.
T101 5212-5357 Sentence denotes Unconscionably, China arrested, jailed, and punished physicians and journalists who defied government attempts to silence the truth of the virus.
T102 5358-5971 Sentence denotes Moreover, the government ceased to enforce the timely flow of crucial public health information, delaying both critical medical care, its obligations to the WHO, and the sacred paradigm of human interaction with a disease that collectively defines “freedom of speech.”39 Andrew Price-Smith put the same point succinctly post-SARS, stating that “while the SARS epidemic may have generated moderate institutional change at the domestic level, it resulted in only ephemeral change at the level of global governance.”40 In other words, national sovereignty is still of paramount importance for the Chinese leadership.
T103 5972-6286 Sentence denotes Because of its sensitivity to foreign interference into its internal affairs, the Chinese government has not yet formally or officially endorsed the notion of “human security.”40 While China has embraced multilateral cooperation in a wide array of global health issues, its engagement remains “state-centric.”37,38
T104 6287-6794 Sentence denotes The SARS event not only exposed a fundamental shortcoming of Chinaʼs public health surveillance system, as well as its single-minded pursuit of economic growth since the late 1970s, but also forced China to realize that, in the era of globalization, public health is no longer a domestic, social issue that can be isolated from foreign-policy concern.37 Having no tolerance in ceding its supreme authority, the central government has adopted a multi-faceted attitude towards its civil society organizations.
T105 6795-7029 Sentence denotes While Beijing shows its willingness to cooperate with a wide array of actors inside China, it refuses to let its domestic nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and activists establish direct links with their counterparts overseas.37,41
T106 7030-7283 Sentence denotes China was openly accused of a cover-up with SARS, and few professionals are confident that anything has changed.42 Chan maintains that while “it is still uncertain whether this sovereign concern will trump the provision of global public good for health.
T107 7284-7364 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, in a highly globalizing world, infectious diseases know no border.
T108 7365-7695 Sentence denotes While China is seeking to adhere as much as possible to the underlying norms and rules of global institutions,” reemphasizing that China after SARS “perhaps [needs] to reframe health as a global public good that is available to each and every individual of the world, rather than merely as an issue of concern to nation-states.”37
T109 7696-8990 Sentence denotes In a rare openness, rarely seen before, the normally secretive Xi admitted at a meeting to coordinate the fight against the virus that China must learn from “obvious shortcomings exposed during its response.” Yet given the second-guessing that always surfaces in these tragedies, “it cannot be denied that the Chinese government tried to control the narrative, another sign of irrational hubris, and as a result, the contagion was allowed to spread, contributing to equally irrational fear.” A China researcher for Human Rights Watch (New York USA) noted: “authorities are as equally, if not more, concerned with silencing criticism as with containing the spread of the coronavirus.…repeating a pattern seen in past public health emergencies.”43 Although less clumsy than with SARS, the government kept all non-Party groups that could have helped prevent the spread of the virus out of the loop.44,45 Chinaʼs religious groups who “reflect the countryʼs decades-long revival and feeling among many Chinese that faith-based groups provide an alternative to the corruption that has plagued the government” are being ignored.46 Will this just be a temporary stay as it was post-SARS, or is China capable of adopting, without conditions, the WHO public health requirements they have ignored to date?