LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7156291 / 1951-23523 JSONTXT 14 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T25 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T26 13-279 Sentence denotes After multiple cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were reported in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified in January 2020 and officially named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11.
T27 280-521 Sentence denotes Coronavirus infections in human mostly cause mild respiratory tract infections; however, different strains of coronaviruses were also responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [1–3].
T28 522-806 Sentence denotes Many of the early cases occurred in those with exposure to the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan [2], but the infection has since spread, particularly as many residents left Wuhan for the extended holidays around the lunar new year prior to government shutdown of the city on January 23.
T29 807-901 Sentence denotes The outbreak of COVID-19 has been declared a global health emergency by the WHO on January 30.
T30 902-1191 Sentence denotes As of February 17, 2020, confirmed cases of COVID-19 has been reported in 29 countries and territories; the majority of reported cases remain within China with 803 out of 71,356 cases outside of mainland China, initially in patients who have traveled to China and their close contacts [4].
T31 1192-1330 Sentence denotes However, the development of a pandemic seems unavoidable given the natural evolution of the disease, making it a worldwide health problem.
T32 1331-1448 Sentence denotes Common presenting symptoms for patients with confirmed infection include fever, cough, and myalgia and fatigue [1–3].
T33 1449-1589 Sentence denotes Typical laboratory findings on admission include normal leucocytes in majority of patients and decreased lymphocytes in 35% of patients [2].
T34 1590-1728 Sentence denotes According to published reports, common CT findings consist of bilateral patchy ground glass opacities with peripheral predominance [5, 6].
T35 1729-1794 Sentence denotes As the disease progresses, consolidation becomes more common [6].
T36 1795-1876 Sentence denotes Acute respiratory distress syndromes (ARDS) develop in up to 30% of patients [1].
T37 1877-1958 Sentence denotes Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy and pleural effusions are uncommon findings [2, 5].
T38 1959-2119 Sentence denotes Chest radiographic (CXR) findings include bilateral patchy opacities [3, 7] though CXRs are considered unreliable in detecting early phase of the pneumonia [8].
T39 2120-2194 Sentence denotes Negative chest CTs have been reported in 14% of patients in one study [5].
T40 2195-2282 Sentence denotes Only a small number of cases with follow-up imaging have been reported thus far [6, 9].
T41 2283-2455 Sentence denotes Therefore, we evaluated serial CT pneumonia in patients with mild COVID-19 outside of Wuhan to elucidate the evolution of CT features with correlation to clinical findings.
T42 2457-2478 Sentence denotes Materials and methods
T43 2480-2488 Sentence denotes Patients
T44 2489-2595 Sentence denotes A retrospective review of patient data and imaging studies was approved by the institutional review board.
T45 2596-2659 Sentence denotes No patient consent was required for this HIPAA-compliant study.
T46 2660-2841 Sentence denotes Between January 22 and February 8, 2020, 88 patients with COVID-19 were identified from six hospitals in Shaanxi Province in China, which is approximately 800 km northwest of Wuhan.
T47 2842-3126 Sentence denotes The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients with COVID-19 confirmed by at least one positive nucleic acid test performed at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Shaanxi Province in China and (2) patients who underwent baseline and at least one follow-up chest CT.
T48 3127-3310 Sentence denotes According to the WHO, patients are divided into six types: uncomplicated illness, mild pneumonia, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock [10].
T49 3311-3539 Sentence denotes All the patients were treated based on a standard diagnosis and treatment criteria for COVID-19 which includes initiation of antivirals, interferon, Chinese herbal medications, supplemental oxygen as needed, and hospitalization.
T50 3541-3558 Sentence denotes Image acquisition
T51 3559-3885 Sentence denotes CT scans of the chest were acquired on 16- to 64-multidector CT scanners (Philips Brilliant 16, Philips Healthcare; GE LightSpeed 16, GE Healthcare; GE VCT LightSpeed 64, GE Healthcare; Somatom Sensation 64, Siemens Healthcare; Somatom AS, Siemens Healthcare; Somatom Spirit, Siemens Healthcare; GE Optima 680, GE Healthcare).
T52 3886-3920 Sentence denotes The CT parameters were as follows:
T53 3921-4032 Sentence denotes 120 kVp, current intelligent control (auto mA) of 30–300 mA, and slice thickness reconstructions of 0.6–3.0 mm.
T54 4033-4106 Sentence denotes All CT examinations were performed without intravenous contrast material.
T55 4108-4138 Sentence denotes Data collection and evaluation
T56 4139-4321 Sentence denotes The medical records of patients were reviewed to determine the demographic data, medical history, exposure history, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and time of disease onset.
T57 4322-4404 Sentence denotes The date of disease onset was defined as patients’ reported date of symptom onset.
T58 4405-4582 Sentence denotes The time intervals, in days, between each CT scan and disease onset were determined and categorized into five groups (days 0–3, days 4–7, days 8–10, days 11–14, and days 15–21).
T59 4583-4683 Sentence denotes CT images were reviewed independently by two thoracic radiologists each with 10 years of experience.
T60 4684-4743 Sentence denotes Differences were resolved by discussion to reach consensus.
T61 4744-5001 Sentence denotes Similar to a previously published report [6], CT findings including the presence and distribution of ground glass opacities (GGO), consolidation, linear opacities, discrete pulmonary nodules, pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy, and cavitation were evaluated.
T62 5002-5082 Sentence denotes Degree of lobar involvement and overall lung total severity score were recorded.
T63 5083-5335 Sentence denotes Each of the five lung lobes was assessed for degree or area of involvement and assigned a score of 0 for 0% lobe involvement, 1 for 1–25% lobe involvement, 2 for 26–50% lobe involvement, 3 for 51–75% lobe involvement, or 4 for 76–100% lobe involvement.
T64 5336-5454 Sentence denotes An overall lung total severity score was reached by summing the five lobe scores (range of possible scores, 0–20) [5].
T65 5456-5476 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis
T66 5477-5618 Sentence denotes Continuous variables were represented as means and standard deviations, while categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages.
T67 5619-5820 Sentence denotes Differences of CT characteristics, lobar involvement, and overall total severity score among different time intervals were statistically compared by the chi-square test or analysis of variance (ANOVA).
T68 5821-5970 Sentence denotes Linear regression analysis was further used to characterize the linear evolution trends of the variables that were significant at the above analysis.
T69 5971-6067 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was performed by using R software (version 3.6.0; http://www.Rproject.org).
T70 6068-6138 Sentence denotes The packages in R that were used in this study are “gmodels” packages.
T71 6139-6206 Sentence denotes All p values were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
T72 6208-6215 Sentence denotes Results
T73 6217-6237 Sentence denotes Patient demographics
T74 6238-6367 Sentence denotes Of 88 patients in the study cohort, 51 (58.0%) were male and 37 (42.0%) were female; mean age was 42.7 years (range, 4–82 years).
T75 6368-6463 Sentence denotes Fifty-three (60.2%) patients had 2 CTs, 24 (27.2%) had 3 CTs, and 11 (12.5%) had 4 or more CTs.
T76 6464-6563 Sentence denotes The mean time interval between symptom onset and baseline CT was 5.5 ± 3.5 days (range, 1–15 days).
T77 6564-6658 Sentence denotes Five (5.7%) patients in the study cohort were known to have been discharged from the hospital.
T78 6659-6731 Sentence denotes All of the patients had mild pneumonia based on the WHO definition [10].
T79 6732-6793 Sentence denotes The demographics of the study cohort are detailed in Table 1.
T80 6794-6919 Sentence denotes Patients with exposure history (recent travel to Wuhan or contact with infected patient) accounted for 85.2% of study cohort.
T81 6920-6993 Sentence denotes Fever (84.1%) and cough (56.8%) were the most common presenting symptoms.
T82 6994-7141 Sentence denotes Low lymphocyte and white cell counts were observed in 26.4% and 25.0% of patients, while high C-reactive protein was observed in 55.0% of patients.
T83 7142-7198 Sentence denotes Table 1 Patient demographics and laboratory test results
T84 7199-7239 Sentence denotes Characteristic Patient with NCP (n = 88)
T85 7240-7264 Sentence denotes Age (years)a 42.7 ± 14.5
T86 7265-7282 Sentence denotes Age group (years)
T87 7283-7297 Sentence denotes   < 15 2 (2.3)
T88 7298-7315 Sentence denotes   15–44 48 (54.5)
T89 7316-7333 Sentence denotes   45–64 28 (31.8)
T90 7334-7350 Sentence denotes   ≥ 65 10 (11.4)
T91 7351-7369 Sentence denotes Male sex 51 (58.0)
T92 7370-7386 Sentence denotes Exposure history
T93 7387-7421 Sentence denotes   Recent travel to Wuhan 45 (51.1)
T94 7422-7463 Sentence denotes   Contact with infected patient 30 (34.1)
T95 7464-7492 Sentence denotes   Unknown exposure 13 (14.8)
T96 7493-7509 Sentence denotes Initial symptoms
T97 7510-7527 Sentence denotes   Fever 74 (84.1)
T98 7528-7545 Sentence denotes   Cough 50 (56.8)
T99 7546-7571 Sentence denotes   Expectoration 19 (21.6)
T100 7572-7591 Sentence denotes   Fatigue 15 (17.0)
T101 7592-7645 Sentence denotes   Chest distress and/or shortness of breath 12 (13.6)
T102 7646-7670 Sentence denotes   Pharyngalgia 10 (11.4)
T103 7671-7696 Sentence denotes   Muscle soreness 7 (8.0)
T104 7697-7715 Sentence denotes   Headache 5 (5.7)
T105 7716-7746 Sentence denotes   Nausea and/or vomiting 0 (0)
T106 7747-7763 Sentence denotes   Diarrhea 0 (0)
T107 7764-7793 Sentence denotes   No obvious symptoms 3 (3.4)
T108 7794-7839 Sentence denotes Laboratory testing at initial hospital visitb
T109 7840-7904 Sentence denotes   White blood cell count (–, ↑, ↓) 62 (70.5), 4 (4.5), 22 (25.0)
T110 7905-7963 Sentence denotes   Lymphocyte count (–, ↑, ↓) 62 (71.3), 2 (2.3), 23 (26.4)
T111 7964-8025 Sentence denotes   Percent lymphocytes (–, ↑, ↓) 55 (62.5), 7 (8.0), 26 (29.5)
T112 8026-8102 Sentence denotes   Percent neutrophilic granulocyte (–, ↑, ↓) 59 (67.1), 17 (19.3), 12 (13.6)
T113 8103-8162 Sentence denotes   Percent monocytes (–, ↑, ↓) 59 (67.1), 26 (29.5), 3 (3.4)
T114 8163-8215 Sentence denotes   Hemoglobin (–, ↑, ↓) 68 (77.3), 8 (9.1), 12 (13.6)
T115 8216-8261 Sentence denotes   ALT (–, ↑, ↓) 70 (79.5), 16 (18.2), 2 (2.3)
T116 8262-8305 Sentence denotes   AST (–, ↑, ↓) 73 (83.0), 15 (17.0), 0 (0)
T117 8306-8362 Sentence denotes   Creatine kinase (–, ↑, ↓) 73 (84.9), 4 (4.6), 9 (10.5)
T118 8363-8421 Sentence denotes   C-reactive protein (–, ↑, ↓) 36 (45.0), 44 (55.0), 0 (0)
T119 8422-8526 Sentence denotes Unless otherwise indicated, data are reported as the number of patients, with percentages in parentheses
T120 8527-8587 Sentence denotes ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase
T121 8588-8640 Sentence denotes aData are reported as the mean ± standard derivation
T122 8641-8749 Sentence denotes bThe signs –, ↑, and ↓ represent within, above, and below normal ranges of laboratory results, respectively.
T123 8750-9086 Sentence denotes Normal ranges of white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, percent lymphocytes, percent neutrophilic granulocyte, percent monocytes, ALT, AST, creatine kinase, hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein were 3.5–9.5 × 109/L, 1.10–3.20 × 109/L, 20–50%, 3.0–10.0%, 40–75%, 115–150 g/L, 7–40 U/L, 13–35 U/L, 40–200 U/L, and 0–10 mg/L, respectively
T124 9088-9138 Sentence denotes Evolution of CT findings in patients with COVID-19
T125 9140-9192 Sentence denotes Evolution of CT characteristics of pulmonary lesions
T126 9193-9307 Sentence denotes Figure 1 depicts the evolution of CT features of pulmonary lesions in different time intervals from disease onset.
T127 9308-9724 Sentence denotes Significant differences were found among the time intervals in the proportion of pulmonary lesions that are (1) pure GGO (χ2 = 37.97, p = 0.01), (2) mixed attenuation (GGO and consolidation) (χ2 = 12.80, p < 0.01), (3) mixed attenuation with reticular/linear opacities (χ2 = 20.57, p < 0.01), and (4) consolidation with reticular/linear opacities (χ2 = 32.49, p < 0.01) and pure consolidation (χ2 = 10.37, p = 0.03).
T128 9725-10133 Sentence denotes A significant linear decrease in the proportions of pure GGO lesions (y = 0.55–0.08x, p < 0.01) and mixed attenuation lesions (y = 0.31–0.03x, p = 0.01) and a significant linear increase in the proportions of lesion with reticular/linear opacities (mixed attenuation + linear opacities (y = 0.08 + 0.04x, p < 0.01) and consolidation + linear opacities (y = − 0.03 + 0.04x, p < 0.01)) were observed over time.
T129 10134-10220 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Evolution of CT characteristics of pulmonary lesions in patients with COVID-19.
T130 10221-10468 Sentence denotes The time intervals after disease onset (days) were divided into 5 groups, i.e., days 0–3 (lesion number = 114), days 4–7 (lesion number = 241), days 8–10 (lesion number = 189), days 11–14 (lesion number = 178), and days 15–21 (lesion number = 95).
T131 10469-10556 Sentence denotes GGO, ground glass opacities; mixed attenuation = ground glass opacities + consolidation
T132 10558-10615 Sentence denotes Evolution of lobar distribution in patients with COVID-19
T133 10616-10794 Sentence denotes No statistically significant difference was found in the lobar distribution of pulmonary findings over different time intervals from symptom onset, but some trends were observed.
T134 10795-10909 Sentence denotes For example, the proportion of patients with fewer than 3 lobes affected decreased in the first 10 days (Fig. 2a).
T135 10910-11020 Sentence denotes The proportion of patients with three or more affected lobes was higher in all of the time intervals analyzed.
T136 11021-11235 Sentence denotes Bilateral involvement was more prevalent than unilateral involvement with a trend toward an increase in the proportion of patients with bilateral CT abnormalities in the first 2 weeks after disease onset (Fig. 2b).
T137 11236-11362 Sentence denotes Lower lobes have higher rates of involvement than the others, but the differences are not statistically significant (Fig. 2c).
T138 11363-11571 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 Evolution of lobar distribution of the (a) number of lobe affected, (b) unilateral and bilateral lobes affected, and (c) lung lobe affected in patients with COVID-19 within 21 days after disease onset.
T139 11572-11808 Sentence denotes The time after disease onset (day) is categorized as 5 groups, i.e., days 0–3 (patient number = 37), days 4–7 (patient number = 69), days 8–10 (patient number = 53), days 11–14 (patient number = 49), and days 15–21 (patient number = 25)
T140 11810-11860 Sentence denotes Evolution of CT findings in patients with COVID-19
T141 11861-11922 Sentence denotes The initial CTs of 4 out of 88 (4.5%) patients were negative.
T142 11923-12046 Sentence denotes Two of these four patients had their baseline CT during days 1–3, one during days 4–7, and one during days 8–10 of disease.
T143 12047-12173 Sentence denotes Subsequently, CT images of one patient remained negative even during days 8–10, and other patients developed CT abnormalities.
T144 12174-12439 Sentence denotes There were significant differences between the time interval groups after disease onset in proportions of patients with both GGO and consolidation (χ2 = 22.2, p < 0.01) and the combination of GGO, consolidation, and linear opacities (χ2 = 21.5, p < 0.01) (Table 2).
T145 12440-12769 Sentence denotes A proportion of patients with GGO and consolidation presented a decreasing trend during the 21 days after disease onset (y = 0.48–0.09x, p < 0.01), while a proportion of patient with all three findings including ground glass opacities, consolidation, and linear opacities presented an increasing trend (y = 0.12–0.11x, p < 0.01).
T146 12770-12889 Sentence denotes No significant difference was found in the proportions of patients with other CT findings or total lung severity score.
T147 12890-13014 Sentence denotes Table 2 Evolution of CT findings and total lung severity scores of patients with COVID-19 within 21 days after disease onset
T148 13015-13065 Sentence denotes Characteristic Time after disease onset χ2 p value
T149 13066-13160 Sentence denotes Days 0–3 (n = 37) Days 4–7 (n = 69) Days 8–10 (n = 53) Days 11–14 (n = 49) Days 15–21 (n = 25)
T150 13161-13180 Sentence denotes Pulmonary opacities
T151 13181-13244 Sentence denotes   GGO only 8 (21.6) 13 (18.8) 7 (13.2) 4 (8.2) 1 (4.0) 6.6 0.16
T152 13245-13326 Sentence denotes   GGO and consolidation 12 (32.4) 26 (37.7) 8 (15.1) 5 (10.1) 1 (4.0) 22.2 < 0.01
T153 13327-13403 Sentence denotes   GGO and linear opacities 2 (5.4) 2 (2.9) 4 (7.5) 2 (4.1) 2 (8.0) 1.87 0.76
T154 13404-13474 Sentence denotes   Consolidation only 1 (2.8) 6 (8.7) 3 (5.7) 4 (8.2) 1 (4.0) 1.98 0.74
T155 13475-13559 Sentence denotes   Consolidation and linear opacities 0 (0) 2 (2.9) 4 (7.5) 4 (8.2) 3 (12.0) 6.0 0.19
T156 13560-13664 Sentence denotes   GGO, consolidation, and linear opacities 12 (32.4) 19 (27.5) 25 (47.2) 30 (61.2) 17 (68.0) 21.5 < 0.01
T157 13665-13727 Sentence denotes   Negative CT 2 (5.4) 1 (1.5) 2 (3.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 4.3 0.36
T158 13728-13742 Sentence denotes Other findings
T159 13743-13819 Sentence denotes   Discrete pulmonary nodules 4 (10.8) 4 (5.8) 3 (5.7) 1 (2.0) 0 (0) 4.8 0.36
T160 13820-13872 Sentence denotes   Pleural effusion 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) – –
T161 13873-13924 Sentence denotes   Lymphadenopathy 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) – –
T162 13925-13986 Sentence denotes   Cavitation 3 (8.1) 3 (4.3) 1 (1.9) 2 (4.1) 1 (4.0) 2.1 0.72
T163 13987-14012 Sentence denotes Total lung severity score
T164 14013-14081 Sentence denotes   Mean ± SD 3.9 ± 2.7 4.8 ± 2.9 4.9 ± 2.8 5.3 ± 3.3 5.2 ± 2.8 – 0.29
T165 14082-14147 Sentence denotes   Median (range) 4 (0–10) 5 (0–12) 5 (0–11) 5 (1–13) 5 (1–11) – –
T166 14148-14186 Sentence denotes Numbers in parentheses are percentages
T167 14187-14235 Sentence denotes n number of patients, GGO ground glass opacities
T168 14236-14340 Sentence denotes None of the patients had pleural effusions or intrathoracic lymphadenopathy during the follow-up period.
T169 14341-14524 Sentence denotes Some of the patients had cavitation on CT, but these are thought to represent pre-existing conditions as none of the patients in the study cohort developed cavitation on follow-up CT.
T170 14525-14615 Sentence denotes Figures 3 and 4 show the evolution of CT findings of two patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
T171 14616-14811 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 A 54-year-old woman with exposure to a COVID-infected patient presented with fever, cough, and low back pain for 2 days and remains hospitalized. a–c CT shows left lower lobe GGO on day 2.
T172 14812-14909 Sentence denotes The total severity score is 1. d–f CT on day 7 shows a significant increase in GGO in both lungs.
T173 14910-14957 Sentence denotes The severity score of the left lower lobe is 2.
T174 14958-15054 Sentence denotes The total severity score is 5. g–i CT on day 9 shows bilateral GGO and subpleural consolidation.
T175 15055-15102 Sentence denotes The severity score of the left lower lobe is 3.
T176 15103-15204 Sentence denotes The total severity score is 9. j–l CT on day 11 shows diffuse GGO and linear opacities (thick arrow).
T177 15205-15252 Sentence denotes The severity score of the left lower lobe is 4.
T178 15253-15283 Sentence denotes The total severity score is 12
T179 15284-15507 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 A 24-year-old man with exposure to a COVID-infected patient presented with fever and cough for 1 day and remains hospitalized currently. a–e CT scan shows GGO in the subpleural left lower lobe on day 1 (thick arrow).
T180 15508-15617 Sentence denotes The overall total severity score is 1. f–j CT on day 4 shows enlarging GGO in left lower lobes (thick arrow).
T181 15618-15718 Sentence denotes The overall total severity score is 3. k–o CT on day 8 shows increased GGO in bilateral lower lobes.
T182 15719-15851 Sentence denotes The total severity score was 5. p–t CT obtained on day 11 shows bilateral ground glass opacities and linear opacities (thick arrow).
T183 15852-15993 Sentence denotes The overall total severity score was 7. u–y CT obtained on day 15 shows improvement of bilateral lower lobe GGO and atoll sign (thick arrow).
T184 15994-16031 Sentence denotes The overall total severity score is 5
T185 16033-16043 Sentence denotes Discussion
T186 16044-16152 Sentence denotes Patient demographics in terms of age and gender distributions are similar to other published studies [5, 6].
T187 16153-16318 Sentence denotes Clinical symptoms and laboratory findings also match those of other initial reports with smaller cohorts [5, 6] with fever and cough in the majority of the patients.
T188 16319-16466 Sentence denotes The majority patients had normal white blood cell count and lymphocyte counts at presentation though 26.4% of lymphocyte counts below normal range.
T189 16467-16568 Sentence denotes Of patients in this study, 85.2% had traveled from Wuhan or known contacts with infected individuals.
T190 16569-16672 Sentence denotes Notably, 14.8% of patients in this study based in Shaanxi did not have known or identifiable exposures.
T191 16673-16782 Sentence denotes The source of infection may become increasingly difficult to identify if the disease becomes more widespread.
T192 16783-16905 Sentence denotes Depending on the severity of clinical symptoms, patients do not always present within the first few days of symptom onset.
T193 16906-17006 Sentence denotes In our study cohort, the interval between symptom onset and first chest CT ranged from 1 to 15 days.
T194 17007-17082 Sentence denotes Hence, familiarity with evolution of CT findings is useful to radiologists.
T195 17083-17250 Sentence denotes Ground glass opacities are the most common CT findings within 0–3 days of symptom onsets as described in other published reports focused on initial presentations [11].
T196 17251-17423 Sentence denotes Over time, GGO remains a common finding and consolidation occurs with higher frequencies than in the early phase of disease, which means the disease is progressing rapidly.
T197 17424-17474 Sentence denotes It is different from what happened with SARS [12].
T198 17475-17540 Sentence denotes Frequency of consolidation decreases 2 weeks after symptom onset.
T199 17541-17681 Sentence denotes Reticulations and linear opacities, signs of interstitial involvement, and fibrosis become increasing prevalent later in the disease course.
T200 17682-17749 Sentence denotes The total severity score shows a slight decrease in the third week.
T201 17750-17962 Sentence denotes Cavitations were present in a small percentage of patients and likely present pre-existing conditions as none of the patients in the study cohort were observed to develop cavitation during the course of COVID-19.
T202 17963-18092 Sentence denotes Lymphadenopathy and pleural effusions were absent on all the CTs analyzed, even on scans obtained 15–21 days after symptom onset.
T203 18093-18146 Sentence denotes These findings are also similar to other reports [5].
T204 18147-18261 Sentence denotes Also similar to other published studies [13], we have observed a lower lobe predominance of pulmonary involvement.
T205 18262-18392 Sentence denotes Bilateral involvement is found in the majority of patients though a significant number of patients do have unilateral involvement.
T206 18393-18624 Sentence denotes Awareness of a significant minority of patients with only unilateral findings on CT at various time intervals is important so that radiologists do not exclude the possibility of COVID-19 simply because the findings were unilateral.
T207 18625-18700 Sentence denotes Finally, in some patients, the CT findings can be minimal or even negative.
T208 18701-18795 Sentence denotes In areas outside of China, influenza remains significantly more prevalent at the current time.
T209 18796-18914 Sentence denotes Common imaging findings of influenza virus–associated pneumonia include GGO, consolidation, and a combination of both.
T210 18915-19002 Sentence denotes Pleural effusion, if present, is usually minimal, and lymphadenopathy is rare [14, 15].
T211 19003-19052 Sentence denotes Organizing pneumonia has also been reported [16].
T212 19053-19259 Sentence denotes There are recent publications that have suggested that CT findings of COVID-19 are similar to the organizing pneumonia (OP) pattern observed from post viral or atypical infections and other etiologies [17].
T213 19260-19469 Sentence denotes Despite a study discussing the nonspecific nature of COVID-19 pneumonia [18], a recent publication suggests that radiologists are able to differentiate COVID-19 from other viral pneumonia on CT [5, 6, 18, 19].
T214 19470-19604 Sentence denotes Laboratory testing for the novel coronavirus is time-consuming, and there are reports of shortage of test kits in some locations [20].
T215 19605-19703 Sentence denotes As we learned increasingly, initial laboratory tests for coronavirus can be falsely negative [20].
T216 19704-19961 Sentence denotes Therefore, the presence of suspicious CT findings in patients, correlated with a number of days after symptom onset, should prompt repeat laboratory testing and consideration of respiratory isolation in patients with appropriate travel and exposure history.
T217 19962-20113 Sentence denotes Limitations of our study include the retrospective nature of the study where all patients in the cohort presented to healthcare setting for evaluation.
T218 20114-20340 Sentence denotes It is possible that there are infected individuals within the population with subclinical or mild clinical symptoms who did not present for care and the findings reported here are skewed toward those who were more symptomatic.
T219 20341-20470 Sentence denotes Additionally, many of the more critically ill patients were transferred to other hospitals which were not included in this study.
T220 20471-20633 Sentence denotes Our data were collected from six sites with variable CT scanning parameters though the data heterogeneity reflects the different practice parameters and settings.
T221 20634-20832 Sentence denotes The patients did not have CT studies at regular intervals as often is the case in the clinical setting where the timing of imaging is dependent on the clinical course and different for each patient.
T222 20833-20976 Sentence denotes Finally, even though the study describes evolution of CT findings, the chronic alterations in the pulmonary parenchyma remain to be determined.
T223 20977-21012 Sentence denotes A longer follow-up would be needed.
T224 21013-21247 Sentence denotes In conclusion, CT findings of patients with mild COVID-19 outside of Wuhan include predominance of GGO in the early phase with an increase in the frequency of consolidation and linear opacities over the 3 weeks post onset of symptoms.
T225 21248-21319 Sentence denotes A small percentage of patients can have no or minimal CT abnormalities.
T226 21320-21572 Sentence denotes Given that laboratory tests for the novel coronavirus can be falsely negative, radiologists play a key role in identifying suspicious CT findings based on time interval from the onset of symptoms and guide further evaluation and management of patients.