LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7152911 / 82011-89981 JSONTXT 11 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T671 0-28 Sentence denotes 3.2 Sample handling formats
T672 29-106 Sentence denotes The sample handling format is highly influenced by the biosensor application.
T673 107-262 Sentence denotes As discussed in further detail in the following sections, pathogens are present in liquid and solid matrices and on surfaces (e.g., of biomedical devices).
T674 263-421 Sentence denotes In addition, pathogens can be aerosolized, which is a significant mode of disease transmission associated with viral pathogens (e.g., influenza and COVID-19).
T675 422-511 Sentence denotes Sample handling formats can be generally classified as droplet-, flow-, or surface-based.
T676 512-619 Sentence denotes Droplet formats involve sampling from a larger volume of potentially pathogen-containing material or fluid.
T677 620-753 Sentence denotes The sample droplet is subsequently analyzed by deposition on a functionalized transducer or transferred to a fluidic delivery system.
T678 754-937 Sentence denotes For example, Cheng et al. created an electrochemical biosensor based on a nanoporous alumina electrode tip capable of analyzing 5 μL of dengue virus-containing solutions (Cheng et al.
T679 938-944 Sentence denotes 2012).
T680 945-1061 Sentence denotes Droplet formats are simplistic sample handling formats and have the advantage of being performed by unskilled users.
T681 1062-1199 Sentence denotes While dropletformats have been extensively used with colorimetric biosensors, they have also been adapted for electrochemical biosensors.
T682 1200-1293 Sentence denotes For example, commercially-available blood glucose meters use a droplet format (Vashist et al.
T683 1294-1300 Sentence denotes 2011).
T684 1301-1453 Sentence denotes Examples of low-cost, paper-based, or disposable electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that utilize droplet formats are provided in Table 1.
T685 1454-1642 Sentence denotes For example, Zhao et al. created a screen-printed graphite-based electrode for electrochemical detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) based on 5 μL samples (Zhao et al.
T686 1643-1649 Sentence denotes 2007).
T687 1650-1956 Sentence denotes However, while droplet formats minimize the technical and methodological barriers to measurement, such as eliminating the need for physical systems associated with biosensor housing and sample handling, they can exhibit measurement challenges associated with mass transport and target sampling limitations.
T688 1957-2255 Sentence denotes One of the most critical considerations associated with application of droplet formats to pathogen detection is sampling, specifically if sufficient sampling has been performed on the system for which bioanalytical information is desired (e.g., a human, a food source, or source of drinking water).
T689 2256-2516 Sentence denotes For example, the rationale that the bioanalytical characteristics of a droplet represent that of the bulk system is sound only in a well-mixed system, specifically, a system that exhibits a uniform spatial distribution of species (i.e., concentration profile).
T690 2517-2754 Sentence denotes We note that while this is typically the case for samples acquired from closed, convective systems, such as body fluids, it should be challenged when considering open systems that exhibit complex flow profiles or regions of static fluid.
T691 2755-2896 Sentence denotes For example, groundwater systems (e.g., aquifers), rivers, and lakes have been reported to have complex flow profiles (Ji, 2017; Zhang et al.
T692 2897-2903 Sentence denotes 1996).
T693 2904-3023 Sentence denotes Thus, the sampling approach should be considered when examining droplet formats for food and water safety applications.
T694 3024-3264 Sentence denotes In addition to a consideration of system mixing, one should also consider the potential measurement pitfalls when analyzing samples that contain dilute levels of highly infectious pathogens, such as the potential for false-negative results.
T695 3265-3349 Sentence denotes Flow formats involve the detection of target species in the presence of flow fields.
T696 3350-3477 Sentence denotes Flow formats include continuously-stirred systems (e.g., continuously-stirred tank bioreactors), flow cells, and microfluidics.
T697 3478-3730 Sentence denotes Flow formats have the advantage of exposing the biosensor to target-containing samples in a controlled and repeatable fashion and the benefit of driving exposure of the functionalized biosensor to target species via convective mass transfer mechanisms.
T698 3731-3808 Sentence denotes Flow formatsare also typically compatible with large sample volumes (liters).
T699 3809-3925 Sentence denotes Flow cells are typically fabricated via milling and extrusion processes using materials such as Teflon or Plexiglas.
T700 3926-4047 Sentence denotes They have the advantage of accommodating a variety of biosensor form factors, such as rigid three-dimensional biosensors.
T701 4048-4137 Sentence denotes In addition to flow cells, flow formats are commonly achieved using microfluidic devices.
T702 4138-4317 Sentence denotes While microfluidic devices are typically used with biosensors that exhibit thin two-dimensional form factors, such as planar electrodes, they offer various measurement advantages.
T703 4318-4574 Sentence denotes Unlike flow cells, which are typically fabricated from machinable polymers, microfluidics are typically fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) given their low cost and compatibility with microfabrication approaches.
T704 4575-4768 Sentence denotes One advantage of microfluidic devices is their ability to perform integrated sample preparation steps, which eliminates the need for additional steps in the sample-to-result process (Sin et al.
T705 4769-4775 Sentence denotes 2014).
T706 4776-4956 Sentence denotes For example, microfluidic formats for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated fluid pumping, valving, and mixing of small sample volumes (Rivet et al.
T707 4957-4963 Sentence denotes 2011).
T708 4964-5095 Sentence denotes An example of a microfluidic format created by Dastider et al. for detection of S. typhimurium is shown in Fig. 4a (Dastider et al.
T709 5096-5102 Sentence denotes 2015).
T710 5103-5233 Sentence denotes Detection in the presence of flow fields requires high stability of immobilized biorecognition elements (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T711 5234-5433 Sentence denotes The effect of flow characteristics on biosensor collection rates is an important consideration, especially when considering micro- and nano-scale transducers with microfluidic formats (Squires et al.
T712 5434-5440 Sentence denotes 2008).
T713 5441-5614 Sentence denotes For example, emerging nanostructured electrodes, such as functionalized nanoporous membranes, have been shown to achieve high stability in microfluidic devices (Joung et al.
T714 5615-5631 Sentence denotes 2013; Tan et al.
T715 5632-5638 Sentence denotes 2011).
T716 5639-5843 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion on the relationship between device dimensions, flow characteristics, achievable target collection rates, and equilibrium measurement times has been provided elsewhere (Squires et al.
T717 5844-5850 Sentence denotes 2008).
T718 5851-6136 Sentence denotes It is paramount for interpreting biosensor response that users understand the interplay between mass transport of target molecules (both diffusive and convective mechanisms) and reaction at the biosensor surface (i.e., binding of target species to immobilized biorecognition elements).
T719 6137-6316 Sentence denotes Such fundamental understanding can also be employed in biosensor and experiment design to create improved assay outcomes, such as reducing TTR or improving measurement confidence.
T720 6317-6655 Sentence denotes While the presence of pathogens on the surfaces of objects can be analyzed using droplet- and flow-based sample handling formats using material transfer processes, such as swabbing, in situ pathogen detection on the object surfaces is a vital measurement capability for medical diagnostic, infection control, and food safety applications.
T721 6656-6781 Sentence denotes Surface-based measurement formats typically require biosensors with flexible or conforming (i.e., form-fitting) form factors.
T722 6782-6929 Sentence denotes For example, Mannoor et al. detected the presence of pathogenic species directly on teeth using a flexible graphene-based biosensor (Mannoor et al.
T723 6930-6936 Sentence denotes 2012).
T724 6937-7044 Sentence denotes Further discussion of surface-based pathogen detection applications are provided in the following sections.
T725 7045-7128 Sentence denotes The sample handling format often provides insight into the biosensor's reusability.
T726 7129-7247 Sentence denotes Biosensors within the aforementioned measurement formats can be broadly classified as single- or multi-use biosensors.
T727 7248-7430 Sentence denotes Single-use biosensors are unable to monitor the analyte concentration continuously or upon regeneration, while multiple-use biosensors can be repeatedly recalibrated (Thévenot et al.
T728 7431-7437 Sentence denotes 2001).
T729 7438-7683 Sentence denotes For example, droplet-based low-cost, disposable biosensors for water safety are typically single-use, while biosensors for process monitoring applications can be recalibrated to characterize multiple samples and facilitate continuous monitoring.
T730 7684-7970 Sentence denotes The ability to regenerate biosensor surfaces following pathogen detection (i.e., remove selectively-bound pathogens) is a significant technical barrier limiting progress in multiple-use biosensors, and industrial applications thereof, and is discussed further in the following sections.