LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7152911 / 54232-59808 JSONTXT 9 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE Lectin_function

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T435 0-57 Sentence denotes 2.1.6 Integration of complementary transduction elements
T436 58-246 Sentence denotes Given the need for rapid and reliable measurements, biosensors that contain integrated electrodes and complementary transducers have also been examined for pathogen detection applications.
T437 247-402 Sentence denotes For example, electrodes have been integrated with transducers that enable simultaneous fluid mixing and monitoring of molecular binding events (Choi et al.
T438 403-409 Sentence denotes 2011).
T439 410-636 Sentence denotes Biosensors composed of multiple transducers, referred to as hybrid biosensors, also offer unique opportunities for in situ verification of target binding as well as complementary analytical measurements (i.e., dual detection).
T440 637-780 Sentence denotes Hybrid electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection have been developed by integrating electrodes with optical and mechanical transducers.
T441 781-937 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-optical waveguide light mode spectroscopy (EC-OWLS) combines evanescent-field optical sensing with electrochemical sensing (Bearinger et al.
T442 938-944 Sentence denotes 2003).
T443 945-1074 Sentence denotes EC-OWLS optically monitors changes and growth at the electrode surface to provide complementary information on surface reactions.
T444 1075-1145 Sentence denotes EC-OWLS has been used to monitor the growth of bacteria (Nemeth et al.
T445 1146-1221 Sentence denotes 2007) and could potentially be applied to selective detection of pathogens.
T446 1222-1466 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) combines SPR sensing capability based on binding-induced refractive index changes at the electrode-electrolyte interface with electrochemical sensing capability on the same electrode (Hu et al.
T447 1467-1473 Sentence denotes 2008).
T448 1474-1560 Sentence denotes This approach has been used for monitoring molecular binding events (Juan-Colas et al.
T449 1561-1636 Sentence denotes 2017) and could potentially be applied to selective detection of pathogens.
T450 1637-1782 Sentence denotes In addition to their combination with optical transducers, hybrid electrochemical biosensors have also been combined with mechanical transducers.
T451 1783-1915 Sentence denotes Mechanical transducers have included shear-mode resonators, such as the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and cantilever biosensors.
T452 1916-2032 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-QCMs (E-QCMs) integrate mass-change and electrochemical sensing capabilities into a single platform.
T453 2033-2263 Sentence denotes For example, Li et al. used an antibody-functionalized E-QCM for the detection of E. coli, which provided complementary cyclic voltammetry, EIS, and capacitive sensing measurements associated with the detection response (Li et al.
T454 2264-2270 Sentence denotes 2011).
T455 2271-2387 Sentence denotes Serra et al. used a lectin-modified E-QCM to detect E. coli using the biosensor's mass-change response (Serra et al.
T456 2388-2394 Sentence denotes 2008).
T457 2395-2754 Sentence denotes Besides providing complementary responses for verification of binding events (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012, 2013a), hybrid biosensors for pathogen detection can also generate fluid and particle mixing at the electrode-electrolyte interface and in the bulk solution via acoustic streaming or primary radiation effects of mechanical transducers (Cesewski et al.
T458 2755-2761 Sentence denotes 2018).
T459 2762-2903 Sentence denotes Thus, secondary transducers can apply force to bound species, such as nonspecifically adsorbed background species or captured target species.
T460 2904-3115 Sentence denotes For example, various studies have reported the removal of surface-bound biomolecules using mechanical transducers, such as shear-mode resonators or cantilever biosensors (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2014; Yeh et al.
T461 3116-3122 Sentence denotes 2007).
T462 3123-3549 Sentence denotes While the impediment or removal of nonspecifically adsorbed background species is a vital biosensor characteristic in pathogen detection applications that involve complex matrices, the regeneration of biosensor surfaces that contain specifically bound target species is essential for applications involving high-throughput characterization or process monitoring (e.g., bioprocesses or biomanufacturing processes) (Goode et al.
T463 3550-3556 Sentence denotes 2015).
T464 3557-3647 Sentence denotes Hybrid designs may also be useful for electrodes that exhibit a high extent of biofouling.
T465 3648-3928 Sentence denotes In addition to hybrid biosensor designs composed of combinations of electrodes with other transducers, hybrid biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection based on the combination of an electrochemical biosensor with a traditional bioanalytical technique have also been utilized.
T466 3929-4089 Sentence denotes For example, electrochemical-colorimetric (EC-C) biosensing combines an electrochemical method and a colorimetric, fluorescent, or luminescent detection method.
T467 4090-4310 Sentence denotes The electrode detects the presence of a target species, while the colorimetric transduction pathway enables quantification of the products associated with the reaction between the target and an active species (Hou et al.
T468 4311-4317 Sentence denotes 2018).
T469 4318-4523 Sentence denotes For example, Hou et al. used an EC-C approach based on a monoclonal antibody-functionalized AuNP-modified ITO electrode and dual-labeled magnetic beads for the detection of human enterovirus 71 (Hou et al.
T470 4524-4530 Sentence denotes 2018).
T471 4531-4730 Sentence denotes In that study, antibody- and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled magnetic nanobeads were introduced as a secondary binding step following exposure of the electrode to enterovirus-containing samples.
T472 4731-4999 Sentence denotes Following the secondary binding step, the HRP-nanobead conjugates enabled colorimetric detection via monitoring of oxidative products produced by HRP-catalyzed redox reactions, while the functionalized electrode enabled electrochemical detection via chronoamperometry.
T473 5000-5122 Sentence denotes Various techniques often rely on the use of optically-active labels for colorimetric, fluorescent, or luminescent sensing.
T474 5123-5456 Sentence denotes The optical labels used in pathogen detection applications commonly include biological fluorophores, such as green fluorescent protein, non-protein organic fluorophores, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, including CdS, CdSe, and GaAs, among others (Mungroo and Neethirajan 2016; Pires et al.
T475 5457-5463 Sentence denotes 2014).
T476 5464-5576 Sentence denotes The use of such additional reagents to detect the target species is discussed further in the following sections.