PMC:7152911 / 46421-54230 JSONTXT 12 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE Lectin_function

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T365 0-32 Sentence denotes 2.1.5 Electrode nanostructuring
T366 33-190 Sentence denotes Transducers with physical dimensions comparable to the target species have been widely investigated as a means of creating sensitive biosensors (Gupta et al.
T367 191-210 Sentence denotes 2004; Pumera et al.
T368 211-229 Sentence denotes 2007; Singh et al.
T369 230-246 Sentence denotes 2010; Wei et al.
T370 247-253 Sentence denotes 2009).
T371 254-356 Sentence denotes Thus, electrodes ranging from micrometers to nanometers have been investigated for pathogen detection.
T372 357-463 Sentence denotes While nanoscale planar electrodes are among the most commonly examined for pathogen detection (Hong et al.
T373 464-774 Sentence denotes 2015; Peh and Li, 2013), the fabrication of nanoscale structures of conducting and semiconducting materials using a wide range of bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes, such as nanowires, has led to the investigation of nanostructured electrodes for pathogen detection (Patolsky and Lieber, 2005).
T374 775-945 Sentence denotes Nanostructuring can be performed simultaneously with bottom-up electrode fabrication processes or as a post-processing step with top-down electrode fabrication processes.
T375 946-1106 Sentence denotes Nanowire-based electrodes have been fabricated using a variety of engineering materials using both bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes (Hu et al.
T376 1107-1140 Sentence denotes 1999; Yogeswaran and Chen, 2008).
T377 1141-1248 Sentence denotes A detailed review of nanomanufacturing processes for nanowire fabrication can be found elsewhere (Hu et al.
T378 1249-1255 Sentence denotes 1999).
T379 1256-1334 Sentence denotes Nanowires can exhibit circular, hexagonal, and even triangular cross-sections.
T380 1335-1456 Sentence denotes The nanowire aspect ratio, defined as the ratio of the length to width, often ranges from 1 to greater than 10 (Hu et al.
T381 1457-1517 Sentence denotes 1999; Vaseashta and Dimova-Malinovska, 2005; Wanekaya et al.
T382 1518-1524 Sentence denotes 2006).
T383 1525-1650 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, metallic and ceramic microwire- and nanowire-based electrodes have been examined for pathogen detection.
T384 1651-1841 Sentence denotes For example, Wang et al. used nanowire-bundled TiO2 electrodes synthesized using a bottom-up wet chemistry process for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) (Wang et al.
T385 1842-1848 Sentence denotes 2008).
T386 1849-2036 Sentence denotes Shen et al. fabricated silicon nanowire-based electrodes using a chemical vapor deposition process for the rapid detection of human influenza A virus in an array-based format (Shen et al.
T387 2037-2043 Sentence denotes 2012).
T388 2044-2169 Sentence denotes Although polymer nanowires have been relatively more applied to the detection of non-pathogenic species (Travas-Sejdic et al.
T389 2170-2251 Sentence denotes 2014), there appears to be potential for their application to pathogen detection.
T390 2252-2495 Sentence denotes Polymer nanowires are also synthesized via bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes, including hard template methods, soft template methods, or physical approaches, but efficient, large-scale synthesis remains a challenge (Xia et al.
T391 2496-2502 Sentence denotes 2010).
T392 2503-2619 Sentence denotes A comprehensive summary of studies using micro- and nano-wire electrodes for pathogen detection is shown in Table 1.
T393 2620-2775 Sentence denotes For example, Chartuprayoon et al. used Au microelectrode arrays modified with polypyrrole nanoribbons to detect cucumber mosaic virus (Chartuprayoon et al.
T394 2776-2782 Sentence denotes 2013).
T395 2783-2955 Sentence denotes The topographical modification of electrode surfaces with micro- and nano-structured features beyond wire-like structures has also been investigated for pathogen detection.
T396 2956-3171 Sentence denotes Electrode nanostructuring increases the electrode surface area without significantly increasing the electrode volume, thereby increasing the ratio of electrode surface area to fluid volume analyzed (Soleymani et al.
T397 3172-3178 Sentence denotes 2009).
T398 3179-3279 Sentence denotes Topographical modification of electrodes can also affect their mechanical and electrical properties.
T399 3280-3524 Sentence denotes For example, electrochemical deposition of PEDOT on silicon electrodes reduces the electrode electrical impedance across a wide frequency range, which offers measurement advantages for neural monitoring and recording applications (Ludwig et al.
T400 3525-3531 Sentence denotes 2006).
T401 3532-3734 Sentence denotes Electrode nanostructuring for pathogen detection beyond the fabrication of nanowire-based electrodes has been accomplished primarily using bottom-up wet chemistry approaches and electrochemical methods.
T402 3735-3817 Sentence denotes Among the wet chemistry approaches for electrode nanostructuring (Eftekhari et al.
T403 3818-3940 Sentence denotes 2008), nanostructured electrodes are often fabricated by the deposition or coupling of nanoparticles to planar electrodes.
T404 3941-4082 Sentence denotes For example, AuNPs are commonly deposited on planar electrodes to provide a nanostructured surface for biorecognition element immobilization.
T405 4083-4195 Sentence denotes In such studies, the particles are bound to the planar electrode via physical adsorption processes (Attar et al.
T406 4196-4234 Sentence denotes 2016) or chemical methods (Wang et al.
T407 4235-4241 Sentence denotes 2013).
T408 4242-4389 Sentence denotes In addition to AuNPs, CNTs have also been extensively investigated as potentially useful nanomaterials for electrode nanostructuring (see Table 1).
T409 4390-4706 Sentence denotes De Luna et al. found that high-curvature nanostructured Au microelectrodes exhibited a reduced extent of biorecognition element aggregation relative to that found on planar electrodes in DNA sensing studies using a combination of experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations (see Fig. 3 a) (De Luna et al.
T410 4707-4727 Sentence denotes 2017; Mahshid et al.
T411 4728-4734 Sentence denotes 2016).
T412 4735-4979 Sentence denotes A study by Chin et al. found that nanostructuring of carbon electrodes with carbon nanoparticles enhanced the electron transfer kinetics and current intensity of the electrode by 63% for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (Chin et al.
T413 4980-4986 Sentence denotes 2017).
T414 4987-5173 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 Emerging transduction approaches associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection. a) A nanostructured Au microelectrode array with high curvature (De Luna et al.
T415 5174-5378 Sentence denotes 2017). b) Cell-imprinted polymer (CIP) with ‘artificial’ biorecognition elements for detection of E. coli using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the Fe(CN)63-/4- redox probe (Jafari et al.
T416 5379-5385 Sentence denotes 2019).
T417 5386-5625 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 Measurement settings associated with electrochemical biosensor-based multiplexed pathogen detection. a) Microfluidic device with an interdigitated Au microelectrode array for continuous measurement of S. typhimurium (Dastider et al.
T418 5626-5787 Sentence denotes 2015). b) Conjugated nanoparticles with two different biorecognition elements for E. coli and V. cholerae detection via voltammetry using Fe(CN)63-/4- (Li et al.
T419 5788-5932 Sentence denotes 2017). c) Schematic of a microfluidic device with two separate spatial regions of biorecognition elements for E. coli and S. aureus (Tian et al.
T420 5933-5939 Sentence denotes 2016).
T421 5940-6242 Sentence denotes In addition to fabricating nanostructured electrodes by coupling already processed nanomaterials to planar electrodes, electrochemical methods are also commonly used for bottom-up electrode nanostructuring processes and have been leveraged to fabricate nanostructured electrodes for pathogen detection.
T422 6243-6435 Sentence denotes For example, Hong et al. fabricated a nanostructured Au electrode via electrochemical deposition of gold (III) chloride hydrates for the detection of norovirus in lettuce extracts (Hong et al.
T423 6436-6442 Sentence denotes 2015).
T424 6443-6663 Sentence denotes While the physical or chemical deposition of materials on planar electrodes provides a useful nanostructuring approach, introducing porosity to the electrode, such as nanoporosity, also enables electrode nanostructuring.
T425 6664-6791 Sentence denotes For example, Nguyen et al. utilized nanoporous alumina-coated Pt microwires for the detection of West Nile virus (Nguyen et al.
T426 6792-6798 Sentence denotes 2009).
T427 6799-7045 Sentence denotes While studies have reported improved biosensor performance using electrode nanostructuring, such as improved sensitivity and LOD, it is prudent to consider the effect of nanostructuring on biorecognition element immobilization and target binding.
T428 7046-7313 Sentence denotes For example, nanostructured electrodes that exhibit high-aspect-ratio structures and other three-dimensional structures have also been shown to enhance biomolecular steric hindrance effects, which may have implications for pathogen detection applications (Hong et al.
T429 7314-7330 Sentence denotes 2015; Lam et al.
T430 7331-7351 Sentence denotes 2012; Mahshid et al.
T431 7352-7358 Sentence denotes 2017).
T432 7359-7482 Sentence denotes There also remains a need to understand device-to-device and batch-to-batch variation in electrode nanostructuring quality.
T433 7483-7693 Sentence denotes For example, it is presently unclear how the structure (e.g., topography, crystal structure) and material properties (e.g., electrical properties) of nanostructured surfaces vary among mass-produced electrodes.
T434 7694-7809 Sentence denotes It is also unclear how such variance in nanostructuring quality affects the repeatability of biosensor performance.