LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7152911 / 126808-139713 JSONTXT 11 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE Lectin_function

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1018 0-99 Sentence denotes 5 Present challenges and future directions for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors
T1019 100-304 Sentence denotes Here, we discuss the present challenges and future directions associated with pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors to identify future research opportunities and emerging areas in the field.
T1020 306-380 Sentence denotes 5.1 Emerging electrode materials, fabrication processes, and form factors
T1021 381-494 Sentence denotes The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field.
T1022 495-582 Sentence denotes One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device.
T1023 583-687 Sentence denotes Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al.
T1024 688-713 Sentence denotes 2016) and 7b (Wang et al.
T1025 714-830 Sentence denotes 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes.
T1026 831-953 Sentence denotes Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring.
T1027 954-1089 Sentence denotes Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3.
T1028 1090-1259 Sentence denotes For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al.
T1029 1260-1266 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1030 1267-1430 Sentence denotes Fig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al.
T1031 1431-1487 Sentence denotes 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al.
T1032 1488-1590 Sentence denotes 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al.
T1033 1591-1671 Sentence denotes 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al.
T1034 1672-1773 Sentence denotes 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al.
T1035 1774-1780 Sentence denotes 2014).
T1036 1781-1914 Sentence denotes In addition to reducing the material cost per device, efforts to reduce the manufacturing cost of biosensors have also been examined.
T1037 1915-1995 Sentence denotes 3D printing processes have emerged as popular methods for biosensor fabrication.
T1038 1996-2071 Sentence denotes For example, 3D printing is compatible with flexible and curved substrates.
T1039 2072-2255 Sentence denotes 3D printing has also been used for the fabrication of various components of electrochemical biosensors, such as electrodes, substrates, fluid handling components, or device packaging.
T1040 2256-2386 Sentence denotes In particular, 3D printing has emerged as a useful fabrication platform for microfluidic-based analytical platforms (Waheed et al.
T1041 2387-2393 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1042 2394-2507 Sentence denotes For example, to date, 3D printing has enabled the fabrication of electrode-integrated microfluidics (Erkal et al.
T1043 2508-2577 Sentence denotes 2014), 3D microfluidics, organ-conforming microfluidics (Singh et al.
T1044 2578-2642 Sentence denotes 2017a), and transducer-integrated microfluidics (Cesewski et al.
T1045 2643-2649 Sentence denotes 2018).
T1046 2650-2813 Sentence denotes Thus, 3D printing may serve as an important fabrication platform for the creation of wearable microfluidic-based electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T1047 2814-2982 Sentence denotes The ability to quantify the level of pathogens on the surfaces of objects (e.g., skin, food, and medical equipment) remains a present challenge in the biosensing field.
T1048 2983-3101 Sentence denotes Wearable biomedical devices have emerged as promising tools for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and health monitoring.
T1049 3102-3203 Sentence denotes The application constraints of wearable devices require them to be lightweight and simple to operate.
T1050 3204-3414 Sentence denotes Wearable devices can provide continuous monitoring of body fluids, such as blood and sweat, allowing patients to obtain real-time bioanalytical information without the inconvenience of facility-based screening.
T1051 3415-3586 Sentence denotes To date, biosensors have been incorporated into a variety of wearable devices, including contact lenses, clothing, bandages, rings, and tattoos (Bandodkar and Wang, 2014).
T1052 3587-3690 Sentence denotes This is a rapidly emerging area linked to smartphone technology for biosensor actuation and monitoring.
T1053 3691-3876 Sentence denotes The rise of flexible electronics has also contributed to the success of incorporating electrochemical biosensors into flexible textiles, which has enhanced their wearability (Rim et al.
T1054 3877-3883 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1055 3884-4085 Sentence denotes Although most wearable electrochemical biosensors are used to detect small molecules, such as lactate, glucose, or electrolytes, there is increasing interest in their application to pathogen detection.
T1056 4086-4241 Sentence denotes Challenges include biocompatibility (e.g., reduction of skin irritation), device power consumption, and biosensor-tissue mechanical and geometric matching.
T1057 4242-4449 Sentence denotes Because of the small sample size of body fluid secretions and the need to transport the sample to the electrode surface, microfluidic formats are now emerging for wearable bioanalytical systems (Singh et al.
T1058 4450-4457 Sentence denotes 2017a).
T1059 4459-4485 Sentence denotes 5.2 Detection of protozoa
T1060 4486-4654 Sentence denotes Importantly, the size of the pathogen may have a significant impact on a given electrochemical biosensor's performance based on the type of electrochemical method used.
T1061 4655-4735 Sentence denotes For example, pathogens can range greater than three orders of magnitude in size.
T1062 4736-4815 Sentence denotes For example, the diameter of norovirus was estimated at 27 nm (Robilotti et al.
T1063 4816-4887 Sentence denotes 2015), while the diameter of G. lamblia oocysts is ~14 μm (Adam, 2001).
T1064 4888-5000 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for the detection of protozoa-based pathogens is an area requiring further attention.
T1065 5001-5204 Sentence denotes Protozoa, as large pathogens, achieve relatively less coverage of the electrode than small pathogens, thereby having a relatively smaller effect on charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
T1066 5205-5325 Sentence denotes C. parvum is at present the most commonly detected protozoa using electrochemical biosensors (see Table 1) (Iqbal et al.
T1067 5326-5344 Sentence denotes 2015) (Luka et al.
T1068 5345-5351 Sentence denotes 2019).
T1069 5353-5386 Sentence denotes 5.3 Detection of plant pathogens
T1070 5387-5677 Sentence denotes While the majority of infectious agents detected using electrochemical biosensors are human pathogens, emerging agricultural applications of electrochemical biosensors, such as in smart agriculture, suggest the need for biosensors capable of detecting plant pathogens (Khater et al., 2017).
T1071 5678-5857 Sentence denotes For example, crop yield losses associated with plant pathogens range from 8.1 to 41.1% based on global production of wheat, rice, maize, potato, and soybean (Savary et al., 2019).
T1072 5858-5938 Sentence denotes Common plant pathogens include viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes.
T1073 5939-6108 Sentence denotes Chartuprayoon et al. recently established a polypyrrole nanoribbon-based chemiresistive immunosensor for detection of viral plant pathogens (Chartuprayoon et al., 2013).
T1074 6110-6136 Sentence denotes 5.4 Multiplexed detection
T1075 6137-6278 Sentence denotes Multiplexed detection of pathogens has emerged as a technique for phenotype identification and identification of multiple pathogenic threats.
T1076 6279-6434 Sentence denotes Multiplexing can be achieved via various approaches, but typically involves the use of multiple transducers that exhibit different biorecognition elements.
T1077 6435-6603 Sentence denotes For example, a strategy for multiplexed bacterial detection by Li et al. via immobilization of anti-E. coli and anti-V. cholerae on AuNPs is shown in Fig. 4b (Li et al.
T1078 6604-6610 Sentence denotes 2017).
T1079 6611-6743 Sentence denotes Spatially-distributed biorecognition elements on a single electrode or multiple electrodes can also provide multiplexing capability.
T1080 6744-6916 Sentence denotes For example, a strategy based on the immobilization of anti-E. coli and anti-S. aureus within a microfluidic chamber created by Tian et al. is shown in Fig. 4c (Tian et al.
T1081 6917-6923 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1082 6925-6975 Sentence denotes 5.5 Saturation-free continuous monitoring formats
T1083 6976-7099 Sentence denotes The inability to regenerate biosensors is a major hindrance to biosensor-based process monitoring and control applications.
T1084 7100-7301 Sentence denotes While various biosensors must be disposed of after a single use, the regeneration of biosensor surfaces using chemical approaches has been leveraged as an approach for creating multiple-use biosensors.
T1085 7302-7497 Sentence denotes Biosensor regeneration approaches typically involve chemically-mediated dissociation of the target from the immobilized biorecognition element or removal of the biorecognition element altogether.
T1086 7498-7711 Sentence denotes This can be accomplished through acid-base mediated regeneration, detergents, glycine, and urea as well as achieved by thermal regeneration, plasma cleaning, or even direct electrochemical desorption (Goode et al.
T1087 7712-7730 Sentence denotes 2015; Huang et al.
T1088 7731-7758 Sentence denotes 2010; Zelada-Guillen et al.
T1089 7759-7765 Sentence denotes 2010).
T1090 7766-7989 Sentence denotes For example, Dweik et al. used a combination of organic (acetone) and plasma cleaning protocols to regenerate an Au interdigitated microelectrode array after detection of E. coli to use devices five times each (Dweik et al.
T1091 7990-7996 Sentence denotes 2012).
T1092 7997-8277 Sentence denotes Johnson and Mutharasan used a liquid-phase hydrogen peroxide-mediated UV-photooxidation process for regeneration of biosensor surfaces as an alternative to aggressive chemical treatments, such as those based on the use of high- or low-pH solutions (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2013b).
T1093 8278-8523 Sentence denotes We note that an ideal biosensor regeneration (i.e., cleaning) approach for process monitoring applications would remove the captured target in situ using a chemical-free approach and preserve the biorecognition layer for subsequent measurements.
T1094 8525-8570 Sentence denotes 5.6 Low-cost, single-use portable biosensors
T1095 8571-8692 Sentence denotes The creation of environmentally-friendly disposable substrates is a present challenge for low-cost single-use biosensors.
T1096 8693-8812 Sentence denotes Paper-based substrates have recently emerged as attractive alternatives to costlier ceramic substrates (Martinez et al.
T1097 8813-8819 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1098 8820-8938 Sentence denotes Paper-based substrates can also eliminate the need for supporting fluid handling components through capillary effects.
T1099 8939-9064 Sentence denotes For example, paper substrates can be patterned with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions to direct fluid flow (Carrilho et al.
T1100 9065-9071 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1101 9072-9194 Sentence denotes Paper-based devices are also relatively environmentally friendly in terms of material sourcing, disposal, and degradation.
T1102 9195-9427 Sentence denotes However, the potential toxicity of materials that may have been deposited on paper substrates, such as nanomaterials, should still be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a disposable single-use biosensing platform.
T1103 9428-9565 Sentence denotes For example, the long-term environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials remain active areas of research (Colvin, 2003; Klaine et al.
T1104 9566-9583 Sentence denotes 2008; Lead et al.
T1105 9584-9590 Sentence denotes 2018).
T1106 9591-9785 Sentence denotes Although paper-based devices have historically been most commonly used with colorimetric sensing techniques, they have been increasingly investigated for electrochemical biosensing (Ahmed et al.
T1107 9786-9807 Sentence denotes 2016; Meredith et al.
T1108 9808-9814 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1109 9815-9876 Sentence denotes A highlight of paper-based substrates is provided in Fig. 7c.
T1110 9877-10030 Sentence denotes The need for water safety and medical diagnostics in remote and under-developed regions has led to the demand for low-cost portable biosensing platforms.
T1111 10031-10267 Sentence denotes One of the major challenges in creating portable biosensors for field use is the need to establish sample preparation-free protocols (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012) and miniaturize components for actuation, data acquisition, and readout.
T1112 10268-10404 Sentence denotes However, device miniaturization also presents measurement challenges, such as increasing the biosensor signal-to-noise ratio (Wei et al.
T1113 10405-10411 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1114 10412-10583 Sentence denotes Further, portable biosensing platforms should exhibit biorecognition elements that remain stable for extended periods and at a variety of temperatures and humidity levels.
T1115 10584-10803 Sentence denotes The measurement robustness associated with the analysis of small sample volumes also requires further attention with the use of emerging low-cost materials, fabrication approaches, and transduction methods (Kumar et al.
T1116 10804-10822 Sentence denotes 2013; Luppa et al.
T1117 10823-10854 Sentence denotes 2016; Narayan, 2016; Wan et al.
T1118 10855-10861 Sentence denotes 2013).
T1119 10862-11195 Sentence denotes The elimination of sample preparation steps from biosensor-based assays represents a significant advantage relative to traditional bioanalytical techniques (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012) and is an important advantage and consideration for single-use biosensors and remote biosensing applications based on portable low-cost platforms.
T1120 11196-11355 Sentence denotes Sample preparation-free protocols can improve measurement confidence, repeatability, and reduce TTR, which are important aspects of healthcare decision-making.
T1121 11356-11522 Sentence denotes For example, it has been shown that a reduction in turnaround time for diagnostic assays could have a positive effect on clinical treatment outcomes (Davenport et al.
T1122 11523-11539 Sentence denotes 2017; Sin et al.
T1123 11540-11546 Sentence denotes 2014).
T1124 11547-11738 Sentence denotes When sample preparation is required, integrated alternatives to manual techniques, such as microfluidic processes, may provide a new path toward achieving rapid and robust pathogen detection.
T1125 11739-12009 Sentence denotes For example, separation and pre-concentration steps have been increasingly examined for integration with microfluidic-based biosensor platforms to reduce the number of steps, materials needed, and required technical personnel, and thus TTR (Bunyakul and Baeumner, 2014).
T1126 12011-12048 Sentence denotes 5.7 Wireless transduction approaches
T1127 12049-12314 Sentence denotes The examination of wireless transduction and monitoring approaches has an important role in creating portable and wearable biosensing platforms for pathogen detection and distributed sensing systems for infection control and process monitoring (Ghafar-Zadeh, 2015).
T1128 12315-12485 Sentence denotes Wireless biosensing platforms are also essential to the creation of implantable and integrated biosensors for pathogen detection, including those for medical diagnostics.
T1129 12486-12672 Sentence denotes For example, as previously referenced, Mannoor et al. fabricated a conformal biosensor for bacteria detection on tooth enamel based on a radiofrequency (RF) link approach (Mannoor et al.
T1130 12673-12693 Sentence denotes 2012) (see Fig. 7d).
T1131 12694-12775 Sentence denotes Wireless transduction approaches remains an emerging area for pathogen detection.
T1132 12776-12898 Sentence denotes An example of smartphone-enabled wireless signal processing for detection of E. coli can be found in Fig. 7e (Jiang et al.
T1133 12899-12905 Sentence denotes 2014).