> top > projects > LitCovid-sentences > docs > PMC:7144508 > annotations
LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7144508 JSONTXT 22 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-68 Sentence denotes Perspectives on the death investigation during the COVID-19 pandemic
T2 70-78 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 79-224 Sentence denotes The pandemic of COVID-19 caused by 2019-nCoV outbreaks in most of the countries, has subsequently spread rapidly and become a pandemic worldwide.
T4 225-416 Sentence denotes Due to the strong infectivity of COVID-19 and lack of experience of performing an autopsy in infectious disease-induced death, the pandemic created some challenges for forensic practitioners.
T5 417-565 Sentence denotes In this article, we summarize the experience of how we handle the confirmed or suspected infectious cases and give some perspectives for the future.
T6 567-582 Sentence denotes 1 Introduction
T7 583-700 Sentence denotes A new pneumonia called COVID-19, which is caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), has broken out around the world.
T8 701-895 Sentence denotes Due to the characteristics of strong infectivity, long incubation period, over 693,224 cases have been confirmed in the whole world and led to at least 33,106 death by the end of March 2020 [1].
T9 896-1054 Sentence denotes The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the COVID-19 outbreak can be characterized as a “pandemic” as the virus spreads increasingly worldwide [2].
T10 1055-1152 Sentence denotes The Chinese government reacted quickly and took effective measures to deal with the pandemic [3].
T11 1153-1291 Sentence denotes During the past three months, this highly contagious pandemic also created some challenges for forensic practitioners in China [[4], [5]].
T12 1292-1456 Sentence denotes It is important for forensic practitioners to increase protection awareness and accumulate experience in the medicolegal death investigation of infectious diseases.
T13 1458-1509 Sentence denotes 2 Potential risks facing by forensic practitioners
T14 1511-1565 Sentence denotes 2.1 Potential risks during death scene investigations
T15 1566-1812 Sentence denotes Because death scenes normally require processing as soon as possible, forensic practitioners may not know the victim's accurate health condition, travel history in a pandemic area or the contact history with possibly infected persons immediately.
T16 1813-1956 Sentence denotes These uncertainties mean that the forensic practitioners and police working at the death scene are faced with severe risks of getting infected.
T17 1957-2060 Sentence denotes The asymptomatic transmission of 2019-nCoV means that anyindividual can be infected but not show signs.
T18 2061-2151 Sentence denotes The use of personal protective equipment by all personnel at a death scene is recommended.
T19 2153-2188 Sentence denotes 2.2 Potential risks during autopsy
T20 2189-2271 Sentence denotes 2019-nCoV has strong survivability and resistance to cold environments [[6], [7]].
T21 2272-2384 Sentence denotes It indicates that the 2019-nCoV can survive in a corpse for a period of time after the infected person has died.
T22 2385-2472 Sentence denotes The remains of patients who have died of COVID-19 may have a large amount of the virus.
T23 2473-2547 Sentence denotes Cryopreservation may prolong the persistence of the virus in the body [8].
T24 2548-2685 Sentence denotes Currently, known routes of transmission of 2019-nCoV are mainly respiratory droplets, aerosols, and contact with viral secretions [9,10].
T25 2686-2981 Sentence denotes During an autopsy, forensic practitioners need to perform tissue segmentation, organ extraction, organ incision and other procedures, during which the virus can be passively released and increase the risk of inhaling the virus due to the timeframe of the autopsy and close proximity to the body.
T26 2982-3096 Sentence denotes Additionally, sharp instrument injury and body fluid spray contact can increase the risk of occupational exposure.
T27 3098-3168 Sentence denotes 2.3 Potential risks during pathological samples’ transfer and storage
T28 3169-3283 Sentence denotes Forensic pathology examination of specific organs requires sample extraction, fixation, and section after autopsy.
T29 3284-3458 Sentence denotes Samples need to transfer to the pathology laboratory and storage in formalin for more than one week; any aerosols have the potential to effuse in air and endanger physicians.
T30 3459-3555 Sentence denotes Subsequent operations should be performed in a laboratory with a heightened level of protection.
T31 3557-3603 Sentence denotes 3 Measures we have taken in forensic practice
T32 3605-3658 Sentence denotes 3.1 Thorough investigation of the history of victims
T33 3659-3911 Sentence denotes Thorough investigation before any death scene investigation and body examination is very helpful to determine whether the cause of death has a connection with COVID-19 or not, in order to take proper protections including personal protective equipment.
T34 3912-4160 Sentence denotes Relevant information such as medical history, travel history in an outbreak area or the contact history with any potentially infected persons and medical records should be obtained from the hospital, family members, witnesses, and morgue personnel.
T35 4161-4327 Sentence denotes During the outbreak response, all death investigations should follow the strictest protective measures for dealing with infected cases at the scene and in the morgue.
T36 4328-4460 Sentence denotes If we are involved in a death scene with confirmed infected cases, it is better for us to be isolated and under medical observation.
T37 4462-4518 Sentence denotes 3.2 Protection measures for the death scene and autopsy
T38 4519-4809 Sentence denotes Forensic practitioners should wear one-piece protective clothing, N95 mask, protective goggles face shield, protective shoe covers, and at least two layers of medical latex gloves; they should also be aware of the proper order of putting on and taking off protective equipment [[11], [12]].
T39 4810-4964 Sentence denotes Autopsies should be performed in a special autopsy laboratory in strict accordance with a process of three areas and two buffer zones, which consist of:1.
T40 4965-4976 Sentence denotes Clean area,
T41 4977-4979 Sentence denotes 2.
T42 4980-5008 Sentence denotes One first-level buffer zone,
T43 5009-5011 Sentence denotes 3.
T44 5012-5036 Sentence denotes Semi-contaminated areas,
T45 5037-5039 Sentence denotes 4.
T46 5040-5070 Sentence denotes A second level buffer zone and
T47 5071-5073 Sentence denotes 5.
T48 5074-5092 Sentence denotes Contaminated area.
T49 5093-5311 Sentence denotes Examiners should wear protective equipment in the clean area before entering the semi-contaminated area and organize autopsy instruments in the semi-contaminated areas before entering the contaminated area for autopsy.
T50 5312-5622 Sentence denotes After the autopsy, the protective clothing and gloves require disinfecting first in the contaminated area of the autopsy laboratory, and the protective clothing, mask, shoe covers, gloves, and other equipment surfaces require thoroughly disinfecting in the semi-contaminated area a second time before removing.
T51 5623-5676 Sentence denotes All must be sent for bio-safety disposal immediately.
T52 5677-5820 Sentence denotes The contaminated area must maintain a sufficient negative pressure, sufficient filtering conditions for air emission and sewage discharge [11].
T53 5821-5968 Sentence denotes Furthermore, the procedure of pathological examination and sample transfer should strictly follow the procedure of sealing after sample extraction.
T54 5969-6060 Sentence denotes The pathology laboratory should be held to standard negative pressure operating conditions.
T55 6062-6083 Sentence denotes 4 Future improvement
T56 6085-6139 Sentence denotes 4.1 Establish a multi-department joint control system
T57 6140-6387 Sentence denotes The joint control system should coordinate with multiple departments, such as the Center for Disease Control, Civil Administration Department, Health Commission and Environmental Protection Authorities for death investigation, as soon as possible.
T58 6388-6477 Sentence denotes All departments should unite together and share information about the pandemic situation.
T59 6479-6562 Sentence denotes 4.2 Improvement and training of occupational protection for forensic practitioners
T60 6563-6786 Sentence denotes Currently, many forensic practitioners lack the occupational protection awareness for infectious disease and lack of experience in death investigation for infectious disease, especially those with asymptomatic transmission.
T61 6787-6930 Sentence denotes It is necessary to establish rules of occupational protection and risk prevention monitoring systems and integrate these into regular training.
T62 6932-6996 Sentence denotes 4.3 Improvement of the forensic autopsy laboratory construction
T63 6997-7152 Sentence denotes For dealing with infected cases, autopsy laboratories should be constructed in the future to be qualified at certain biological safety levels (P1–P4) [13].
T64 7153-7444 Sentence denotes The P3 autopsy laboratory would satisfy the requirements for most of the infectious diseases, with the special requirements in terms of floor layout, maintenance structure, ventilation and air conditioning system, water supply and air supply system, sewage disposal, and disinfection system.
T65 7445-7609 Sentence denotes Each functional area of the autopsy laboratory must maintain a certain negative pressure and suction gradient to ensure no leak or reflux of contaminating air [14].
T66 7611-7652 Sentence denotes 4.4 Forensic radiology requires progress
T67 7653-7763 Sentence denotes Clinical diagnostic criteria for COVID-19 are the nucleic acid test and radiology examination by CT scan [15].
T68 7764-7887 Sentence denotes Virtual autopsy based on forensic radiology technology could play a significant role in the autopsy of infectious diseases.
T69 7888-8085 Sentence denotes CT scan of the cadaver before autopsy provides an initial assessment of a possible cause of death and also prevent forensic practitioners from directly contacting an infected but asymptomatic body.
T70 8086-8257 Sentence denotes Forensic practitioners could make a preliminary judgment on whether the deceased may be infected or not and take appropriate protective measures during subsequent autopsy.
T71 8258-8530 Sentence denotes In the past three months, these forensic practices have proven to be effective for the death investigation of confirmed or suspected infectious decedents and also exposed the defects of insufficient response, which also points out the direction for our future development.
T72 8532-8565 Sentence denotes Declaration of competing interest
T73 8566-8626 Sentence denotes The author has no financial or personal interests to report.
T74 8627-8698 Sentence denotes The author is on the editorial board of Forensic Science International:
T75 8699-8750 Sentence denotes Synergy and has previously published with Elsevier.
T76 8751-8795 Sentence denotes The opinions are solely those of the author.
T77 8797-8812 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments
T78 8813-9090 Sentence denotes This study was financially supported by Grant-in Aids for Scientific Research from 10.13039/501100010868Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China (2019SSGG0403), and grant from the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project (2019030001; 2019030012).