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PMC:7143804 / 21957-25694 JSONTXT 10 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T169 0-4 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T170 5-16 Sentence denotes Fabrication
T171 17-189 Sentence denotes COC [42] is chosen as polymeric substrate because of its biocompatibility, optical transparency, physical resistance, chemical resistance, electrical insulation, and price.
T172 190-341 Sentence denotes This copolymer consists of two monomers, an apolar bridged cyclic hydrocarbon (norbornene) monomer and a linear, lesser apolar, linear ethene monomers.
T173 342-537 Sentence denotes Injection molded COC plates (10 cm by 10 cm and 1.5 mm thickness) of the grade TOPAS 6017 (see Figure 4a) are obtained via Kunststoff-Zentrum Leipzig (Kunststoff-Zentrum gGmbH, Leipzig, Germany).
T174 538-640 Sentence denotes This grade is chosen because of its high norbornene content, giving it a relatively high Tg of 170 °C.
T175 641-813 Sentence denotes This minimizes the chance of melting during the milling process and decreases the chance of heater failure due to a deforming substrate during operation of the heater [28].
T176 814-983 Sentence denotes The microfluidic structure explained in Section 2.1 is CNC-milled using a Mikron WF 21C milling machine (Mikron SA Agno, Agno, Switzerland), as can be seen in Figure 4b.
T177 984-1072 Sentence denotes Milling is a very fast prototyping technique and chosen because of its flexibility [41].
T178 1073-1163 Sentence denotes The milling creates a surface roughness, which increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio.
T179 1164-1306 Sentence denotes This roughness increases the chance of inhibition during the amplification due to the interaction of the used chemicals with the surface [44].
T180 1307-1458 Sentence denotes It also causes a considerable loss of optical transparency, which could obstruct the potential use of in situ fluorescence detection in future devices.
T181 1459-1543 Sentence denotes Therefore, a chemical post-treatment with cyclohexane vapor is done (see Figure 4c).
T182 1544-1774 Sentence denotes Such treatment dissolves a thin outer layer of the COC substrate and causes reflowing of the surface roughness due to the surface tension of the material, restoring the optical transparency and reducing the surface roughness [59].
T183 1775-1873 Sentence denotes CNC milling and subsequent cyclohexane vapor post-treatment are less suitable for mass production.
T184 1874-1938 Sentence denotes However, COC has the possibility of being injection molded [42].
T185 1939-1986 Sentence denotes The used substrates are made using this method.
T186 1987-2227 Sentence denotes This is a large-scale production method and could lower the costs of the eventual product and it eliminates the cyclohexane vapor post-treatment, as injection-molded chips would have the same optical transparency as the pristine substrates.
T187 2228-2352 Sentence denotes Guckenberger et al. mention production costs of $ 47 per simple microfluidic device when only 50 pieces are fabricated [41].
T188 2353-2430 Sentence denotes This price is expected to drop drastically when large numbers are fabricated.
T189 2431-2590 Sentence denotes A metal is deposited on the backside of the substrate using two laser-cut metal (Mo) shadow masks to outline the shape of the resistive heater (see Figure 4d).
T190 2591-2722 Sentence denotes Mo has a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than stainless steel, and therefore gives less deformation during the deposition.
T191 2723-2825 Sentence denotes Metals of interest are Au or Pt, which are commonly used metals to function as resistive heaters [54].
T192 2826-3153 Sentence denotes The deposition methods studied are DC magnetron sputtering using a custom-build machine (Techno Centrum voor Onderwijs en Onderzoek, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands) and e-beam physical vapor deposition (evaporation) using a Balzers BAK 600 CE (Oerlikon Balzers limited, Balzers, Principality of Liechtenstein).
T193 3154-3292 Sentence denotes Both deposition methods are capable of large-scale production, which will lower the production costs in the large-volume production stage.
T194 3293-3737 Sentence denotes The metal and deposition method will be chosen based on the metal adhesion performances on the COC substrate, which is studied using the Scotch tape test [60,61], and the resistance versus temperature behavior in the range 20 °C to 100 °C, which is measured in a Heraeus T5025 oven (Heraeus Holding GmbH, Hanau, Germany), customized with electrical readout and connected to a custom-build National Instruments LabVIEW program (Austin, TX, USA).