Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
T46 |
0-11 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2 Symptoms |
T47 |
12-112 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The symptoms of COVID-19 infection appear after an incubation period of approximately 5.2 days [12]. |
T48 |
113-223 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The period from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms to death ranged from 6 to 41 days with a median of 14 days [8]. |
T49 |
224-317 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This period is dependent on the age of the patient and status of the patient's immune system. |
T50 |
318-406 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It was shorter among patients >70-years old compared with those under the age of 70 [8]. |
T51 |
407-611 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The most common symptoms at onset of COVID-19 illness are fever, cough, and fatigue, while other symptoms include sputum production, headache, haemoptysis, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, and lymphopenia [5,6,8,13]. |
T52 |
612-858 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Clinical features revealed by a chest CT scan presented as pneumonia, however, there were abnormal features such as RNAaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac injury, and incidence of grand-glass opacities that led to death [6]. |
T53 |
859-1075 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In some cases, the multiple peripheral ground-glass opacities were observed in subpleural regions of both lungs [14] that likely induced both systemic and localized immune response that led to increased inflammation. |
T54 |
1076-1261 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Regrettably, treatment of some cases with interferon inhalation showed no clinical effect and instead appeared to worsen the condition by progressing pulmonary opacities [14] (Fig. 2 ). |
T55 |
1262-1337 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Fig. 2 The systemic and respiratory disorders caused by COVID-19 infection. |
T56 |
1338-1408 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The incubation period of COVID-19 infection is approximately 5.2 days. |
T57 |
1409-1502 |
Sentence |
denotes |
There are general similarities in the symptoms between COVID-19 and previous betacoronavirus. |
T58 |
1503-1696 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, COVID-19 showed some unique clinical features that include the targeting of the lower airway as evident by upper respiratory tract symptoms like rhinorrhoea, sneezing, and sore throat. |
T59 |
1697-1863 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Additionally, patients infected with COVID-19 developed intestinal symptoms like diarrhoea only a low percentage of MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV patients exhibited diarrhoea. |
T60 |
1864-2071 |
Sentence |
denotes |
It is important to note that there are similarities in the symptoms between COVID-19 and earlier betacoronavirus such as fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and bilateral ground-glass opacities on chest CT scans [6]. |
T61 |
2072-2273 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, COVID-19 showed some unique clinical features that include the targeting of the lower airway as evident by upper respiratory tract symptoms like rhinorrhoea, sneezing, and sore throat [15,16]. |
T62 |
2274-2473 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, based on results from chest radiographs upon admission, some of the cases show an infiltrate in the upper lobe of the lung that is associated with increasing dyspnea with hypoxemia [17]. |
T63 |
2474-2661 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Importantly, whereas patients infected with COVID-19 developed gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhoea, a low percentage of MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV patients experienced similar GI distress. |
T64 |
2662-2852 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, it is important to test faecal and urine samples to exclude a potential alternative route of transmission, specifically through health care workers, patients etc (Fig. 2) [15,16]. |
T65 |
2853-3111 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, development of methods to identify the various modes of transmission such as feacal and urine samples are urgently warranted in order to develop strategies to inhibit and/or minimize transmission and to develop therapeutics to control the disease. |