> top > projects > LitCovid-sentences > docs > PMC:7127067 > annotations
LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7127067 JSONTXT 21 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-76 Sentence denotes The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak
T2 78-86 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 87-253 Sentence denotes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-COV2 and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern.
T4 254-432 Sentence denotes Based on the large number of infected people that were exposed to the wet animal market in Wuhan City, China, it is suggested that this is likely the zoonotic origin of COVID-19.
T5 433-578 Sentence denotes Person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the isolation of patients that were subsequently administered a variety of treatments.
T6 579-704 Sentence denotes Extensive measures to reduce person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak.
T7 705-876 Sentence denotes Special attention and efforts to protect or reduce transmission should be applied in susceptible populations including children, health care providers, and elderly people.
T8 877-1051 Sentence denotes In this review, we highlights the symptoms, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, phylogenetic analysis and future directions to control the spread of this fatal disease.
T9 1053-1063 Sentence denotes Highlights
T10 1064-1179 Sentence denotes • Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) represents global public health concern and WHO declares public health emergency.
T11 1180-1264 Sentence denotes • The phylogenetic analysis revealed that COVID-19 is potentially a zoonotic virus.
T12 1265-1360 Sentence denotes • Special attention is necessary to protect or reduce transmission in susceptible populations.
T13 1361-1483 Sentence denotes • COVID-19 develop intestinal symptoms like diarrhea, while low percentage of MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV patients had diarrhea.
T14 1484-1589 Sentence denotes • Identification of novel chemotherapeutic drugs for treating COVID-19 infections is urgently warranted.
T15 1591-1606 Sentence denotes 1 Introduction
T16 1607-1701 Sentence denotes Coronavirus is one of the major pathogens that primarily targets the human respiratory system.
T17 1702-1943 Sentence denotes Previous outbreaks of coronaviruses (CoVs) include the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV which have been previously characterized as agents that are a great public health threat.
T18 1944-2077 Sentence denotes In late December 2019, a cluster of patients was admitted to hospitals with an initial diagnosis of pneumonia of an unknown etiology.
T19 2078-2206 Sentence denotes These patients were epidemiologically linked to a seafood and wet animal wholesale market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China [1,2].
T20 2207-2481 Sentence denotes Early reports predicted the onset of a potential Coronavirus outbreak given the estimate of a reproduction number for the 2019 Novel (New) Coronavirus (COVID-19, named by WHO on Feb 11, 2020) which was deemed to be significantly larger than 1 (ranges from 2.24 to 3.58) [3].
T21 2482-2534 Sentence denotes The chronology of COVID-19 infections is as follows.
T22 2535-2586 Sentence denotes The first cases were reported in December 2019 [4].
T23 2587-2744 Sentence denotes From December 18, 2019 through December 29, 2019, five patients were hospitalized with acute respiratory distress syndrome and one of these patients died[5].
T24 2745-2989 Sentence denotes By January 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection, less than half of these patients had underlying diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [6].
T25 2990-3087 Sentence denotes These patients were presumed to be infected in that hospital, likely due to nosocomial infection.
T26 3088-3333 Sentence denotes It was concluded that the COVID-19 is not a super-hot spreading virus (spread by one patient to many others), but rather likely spread due to many patients getting infected at various locations throughout the hospital through unknown mechanisms.
T27 3334-3471 Sentence denotes In addition, only patients that got clinically sick were tested, thus there were likely many more patients that were presumably infected.
T28 3472-3622 Sentence denotes As of January 22, 2020, a total of 571 cases of the 2019-new coronavirus (COVID-19) were reported in 25 provinces (districts and cities) in China [7].
T29 3623-3727 Sentence denotes The China National Health Commission reported the details of the first 17 deaths up to January 22, 2020.
T30 3728-3867 Sentence denotes On January 25, 2020, a total of 1975 cases were confirmed to be infected with the COVID-19 in mainland China with a total of 56 deaths [8].
T31 3868-3968 Sentence denotes Another report on January 24, 2020 estimated the cumulative incidence in China to be 5502 cases [9].
T32 3969-4327 Sentence denotes As of January 30, 2020, 7734 cases have been confirmed in China and 90 other cases have also been reported from a number of countries that include Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Japan, Singapore, Republic of Korea, United Arab Emirates, United States, The Philippines, India, Australia, Canada, Finland, France, and Germany.
T33 4328-4393 Sentence denotes The case fatality rate was calculated to be 2.2% (170/7824) [10].
T34 4394-4558 Sentence denotes The first case of COVID-19 infection confirmed in the United States led to the description, identification, diagnosis, clinical course, and management of this case.
T35 4559-4679 Sentence denotes This includes the patient's initial mild symptoms at presentation and progression to pneumonia on day 9 of illness [11].
T36 4680-4838 Sentence denotes Further, the first case of human-to-human transmission of COVID-19 was reported in the US on January 30, 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0130).
T37 4839-4936 Sentence denotes The CDC has so far screened >30,000 passengers arriving at US airports for the novel coronavirus.
T38 4937-5054 Sentence denotes Following such initial screening, 443 individuals have been tested for coronavirus infection in 41 states in the USA.
T39 5055-5198 Sentence denotes Only 15 (3.1%) were tested positive, 347 were negative and results on the remaining 81 are pending (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov).
T40 5199-5480 Sentence denotes A report published in Nature revealed that Chinese health authorities concluded that as of February 7, 2019, there have been 31,161 people who have contracted the infection in China, and more than 630 people have died (http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00154) of infection.
T41 5481-5652 Sentence denotes At the time of preparing this manuscript, the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported 51,174 confirmed cases including 15, 384 severe cases and 1666 death cases in China.
T42 5653-5850 Sentence denotes Globally, the number of confirmed cases as of this writing (February 16, 2020) has reached 51,857 in 25 countries (https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports) (Fig. 1 ).
T43 5851-5936 Sentence denotes Figure 1 The chronological incidence of COVID-19 infections and death cases in China.
T44 5937-5987 Sentence denotes Infections with COVID-19 appears in December 2019.
T45 5988-6158 Sentence denotes At the time of preparing this manuscript, February 16, 2020 there have been 51,174 people who have contracted the infection in China, and more than 1666 people have died.
T46 6160-6171 Sentence denotes 2 Symptoms
T47 6172-6272 Sentence denotes The symptoms of COVID-19 infection appear after an incubation period of approximately 5.2 days [12].
T48 6273-6383 Sentence denotes The period from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms to death ranged from 6 to 41 days with a median of 14 days [8].
T49 6384-6477 Sentence denotes This period is dependent on the age of the patient and status of the patient's immune system.
T50 6478-6566 Sentence denotes It was shorter among patients >70-years old compared with those under the age of 70 [8].
T51 6567-6771 Sentence denotes The most common symptoms at onset of COVID-19 illness are fever, cough, and fatigue, while other symptoms include sputum production, headache, haemoptysis, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, and lymphopenia [5,6,8,13].
T52 6772-7018 Sentence denotes Clinical features revealed by a chest CT scan presented as pneumonia, however, there were abnormal features such as RNAaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac injury, and incidence of grand-glass opacities that led to death [6].
T53 7019-7235 Sentence denotes In some cases, the multiple peripheral ground-glass opacities were observed in subpleural regions of both lungs [14] that likely induced both systemic and localized immune response that led to increased inflammation.
T54 7236-7421 Sentence denotes Regrettably, treatment of some cases with interferon inhalation showed no clinical effect and instead appeared to worsen the condition by progressing pulmonary opacities [14] (Fig. 2 ).
T55 7422-7497 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 The systemic and respiratory disorders caused by COVID-19 infection.
T56 7498-7568 Sentence denotes The incubation period of COVID-19 infection is approximately 5.2 days.
T57 7569-7662 Sentence denotes There are general similarities in the symptoms between COVID-19 and previous betacoronavirus.
T58 7663-7856 Sentence denotes However, COVID-19 showed some unique clinical features that include the targeting of the lower airway as evident by upper respiratory tract symptoms like rhinorrhoea, sneezing, and sore throat.
T59 7857-8023 Sentence denotes Additionally, patients infected with COVID-19 developed intestinal symptoms like diarrhoea only a low percentage of MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV patients exhibited diarrhoea.
T60 8024-8231 Sentence denotes It is important to note that there are similarities in the symptoms between COVID-19 and earlier betacoronavirus such as fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and bilateral ground-glass opacities on chest CT scans [6].
T61 8232-8433 Sentence denotes However, COVID-19 showed some unique clinical features that include the targeting of the lower airway as evident by upper respiratory tract symptoms like rhinorrhoea, sneezing, and sore throat [15,16].
T62 8434-8633 Sentence denotes In addition, based on results from chest radiographs upon admission, some of the cases show an infiltrate in the upper lobe of the lung that is associated with increasing dyspnea with hypoxemia [17].
T63 8634-8821 Sentence denotes Importantly, whereas patients infected with COVID-19 developed gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhoea, a low percentage of MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV patients experienced similar GI distress.
T64 8822-9012 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is important to test faecal and urine samples to exclude a potential alternative route of transmission, specifically through health care workers, patients etc (Fig. 2) [15,16].
T65 9013-9271 Sentence denotes Therefore, development of methods to identify the various modes of transmission such as feacal and urine samples are urgently warranted in order to develop strategies to inhibit and/or minimize transmission and to develop therapeutics to control the disease.
T66 9273-9288 Sentence denotes 3 Pathogenesis
T67 9289-9428 Sentence denotes The severe symptoms of COVID-19 are associated with an increasing numbers and rate of fatalities specially in the epidemic region of China.
T68 9429-9598 Sentence denotes On January 22, 2020, the China National Health Commission reported the details of the first 17 deaths and on January 25, 2020 the death cases increased to 56 deaths [8].
T69 9599-9772 Sentence denotes The percentage of death among the reported 2684 cases of COVID-19 was approximately 2.84% as of Jan 25, 2020 and the median age of the deaths was 75 (range 48–89) years [8].
T70 9773-9927 Sentence denotes Patients infected with COVID-19 showed higher leukocyte numbers, abnormal respiratory findings, and increased levels of plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines.
T71 9928-10094 Sentence denotes One of the COVID-19 case reports showed a patient at 5 days of fever presented with a cough, coarse breathing sounds of both lungs, and a body temperature of 39.0 °C.
T72 10095-10215 Sentence denotes The patient's sputum showed positive real-time polymerase chain reaction results that confirmed COVID-19 infection [14].
T73 10216-10334 Sentence denotes The laboratory studies showed leucopenia with leukocyte counts of 2.91 × 10^9 cells/L of which 70.0% were neutrophils.
T74 10335-10453 Sentence denotes Additionally, a value of 16.16 mg/L of blood C-reactive protein was noted which is above the normal range (0–10 mg/L).
T75 10454-10526 Sentence denotes High erythrocyte sedimentation rate and D-dimer were also observed [14].
T76 10527-10727 Sentence denotes The main pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection as a respiratory system targeting virus was severe pneumonia, RNAaemia, combined with the incidence of ground-glass opacities, and acute cardiac injury [6].
T77 10728-10964 Sentence denotes Significantly high blood levels of cytokines and chemokines were noted in patients with COVID-19 infection that included IL1-β, IL1RA, IL7, IL8, IL9, IL10, basic FGF2, GCSF, GMCSF, IFNγ, IP10, MCP1, MIP1α, MIP1β, PDGFB, TNFα, and VEGFA.
T78 10965-11195 Sentence denotes Some of the severe cases that were admitted to the intensive care unit showed high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL2, IL7, IL10, GCSF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1α, and TNFα that are reasoned to promote disease severity [6].
T79 11197-11212 Sentence denotes 4 Transmission
T80 11213-11426 Sentence denotes Based on the large number of infected people that were exposed to the wet animal market in Wuhan City where live animals are routinely sold, it is suggested that this is the likely zoonotic origin of the COVID-19.
T81 11427-11557 Sentence denotes Efforts have been made to search for a reservoir host or intermediate carriers from which the infection may have spread to humans.
T82 11558-11658 Sentence denotes Initial reports identified two species of snakes that could be a possible reservoir of the COVID-19.
T83 11659-11778 Sentence denotes However, to date, there has been no consistent evidence of coronavirus reservoirs other than mammals and birds [10,18].
T84 11779-12004 Sentence denotes Genomic sequence analysis of COVID-19 showed 88% identity with two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses [19,20], indicating that mammals are the most likely link between COVID-19 and humans.
T85 12005-12122 Sentence denotes Several reports have suggested that person-to-person transmission is a likely route for spreading COVID-19 infection.
T86 12123-12254 Sentence denotes This is supported by cases that occurred within families and among people who did not visit the wet animal market in Wuhan [13,21].
T87 12255-12400 Sentence denotes Person-to-person transmission occurs primarily via direct contact or through droplets spread by coughing or sneezing from an infected individual.
T88 12401-12588 Sentence denotes In a small study conducted on women in their third trimester who were confirmed to be infected with the coronavirus, there was no evidence that there is transmission from mother to child.
T89 12589-12722 Sentence denotes However, all pregnant mothers underwent cesarean sections, so it remains unclear whether transmission can occur during vaginal birth.
T90 12723-12936 Sentence denotes This is important because pregnant mothers are relatively more susceptible to infection by respiratory pathogens and severe pneumonia (https://www.thelancet.com, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3).
T91 12937-13066 Sentence denotes The binding of a receptor expressed by host cells is the first step of viral infection followed by fusion with the cell membrane.
T92 13067-13149 Sentence denotes It is reasoned that the lung epithelial cells are the primary target of the virus.
T93 13150-13408 Sentence denotes Thus, it has been reported that human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV occurs by the binding between the receptor-binding domain of virus spikes and the cellular receptor which has been identified as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor [20,22].
T94 13409-13516 Sentence denotes Importantly, the sequence of the receptor-binding domain of COVID-19 spikes is similar to that of SARS-CoV.
T95 13517-13618 Sentence denotes This data strongly suggests that entry into the host cells is most likely via the ACE2 receptor [20].
T96 13620-13644 Sentence denotes 5 Phylogenetic analysis
T97 13645-13729 Sentence denotes World Health Organisation (WHO) has classified COVID-19 as a β CoV of group 2B [23].
T98 13730-13842 Sentence denotes Ten genome sequences of COVID-19 obtained from a total of nine patients exhibited 99.98% sequence identity [19].
T99 13843-14012 Sentence denotes Another study showed there was 99.8–99.9% nucleotide identity in isolates from five patients and the sequence results revealed the presence of a new beta-CoV strain [5].
T100 14013-14178 Sentence denotes The genetic sequence of the COVID-19 showed more than 80% identity to SARS-CoV and 50% to the MERS-CoV [5,19], and both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV originate in bats [24].
T101 14179-14369 Sentence denotes Thus, the evidence from the phylogenetic analysis indicates that the COVID-19 belongs to the genus betacoronavirus, which includes SARS-CoV, that infects humans, bats, and wild animals [25].
T102 14370-14518 Sentence denotes COVID-19 represents the seventh member of the coronavirus family that infects humans and has been classified under the orthocoronavirinae subfamily.
T103 14519-14584 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus [25].
T104 14585-14778 Sentence denotes Based on the genetic sequence identity and the phylogenetic reports, COVID-19 is sufficiently different from SARS-CoV and it can thus be considered as a new betacoronavirus that infects humans.
T105 14779-14844 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 most likely developed from bat origin coronaviruses.
T106 14845-15133 Sentence denotes Another piece of evidence that supports the COVID-19 is of bat origin is the existence of a high degree of homology of the ACE2 receptor from a diversity of animal species, thus implicating these animal species as possible intermediate hosts or animal models for COVID-19 infections [20].
T107 15134-15257 Sentence denotes Moreover, these viruses have a single intact open reading frame on gene 8, which is a further indicator of bat-origin CoVs.
T108 15258-15422 Sentence denotes However, the amino acid sequence of the tentative receptor-binding domain resembles that of SARS-CoV, indicating that these viruses might use the same receptor [5].
T109 15424-15457 Sentence denotes 6 Therapeutics/treatment options
T110 15458-15594 Sentence denotes The person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 infection led to the isolation of patients that were administered a variety of treatments.
T111 15595-15715 Sentence denotes At present, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccine against COVID-19 infection for potential therapy of humans.
T112 15716-15929 Sentence denotes The only option available is using broad-spectrum antiviral drugs like Nucleoside analogues and also HIV-protease inhibitors that could attenuate virus infection until the specific antiviral becomes available [7].
T113 15930-16044 Sentence denotes The treatment that have so far been attempted showed that 75 patients were administrated existing antiviral drugs.
T114 16045-16243 Sentence denotes The course of treatment included twice a day oral administration of 75 mg oseltamivir, 500 mg lopinavir, 500 mg ritonavir and the intravenous administration of 0·25 g ganciclovir for 3–14 days [26].
T115 16244-16395 Sentence denotes Another report showed that the broad-spectrum antiviral remdesivir and chloroquine are highly effective in the control of 2019-nCoV infection in vitro.
T116 16396-16482 Sentence denotes These antiviral compounds have been used in human patients with a safety track record.
T117 16483-16565 Sentence denotes Thus, these therapeutic agents can be considered to treat COVID-19 infection [27].
T118 16566-16641 Sentence denotes Furthermore, there are a number of other compounds that are in development.
T119 16642-16902 Sentence denotes These include the clinical candidate EIDD-2801 compound that has shown high therapeutic potential aganist seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infections and this represents another potential drug to be considered for the treatment of COVID-19 infection [28].
T120 16903-17187 Sentence denotes Along those lines, until more specific therapeutics become available, it is reasonable to consider more broad-spectrum antivirals that provide drug treatment options for COVID-19 infection include Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Neuraminidase inhibitors, peptide (EK1), RNA synthesis inhibitors.
T121 17188-17321 Sentence denotes It is clear however, that more research is urgently needed to identify novel chemotherapeutic drugs for treating COVID-19 infections.
T122 17322-17508 Sentence denotes In order to develop pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19, there is an urgent need to establish an animal model to replicate the severe disease currently observed in humans.
T123 17509-17789 Sentence denotes Several groups of scientists are currently working hard to develop a nonhuman primate model to study COVID-19 infection to establish fast track novel therapeutics and for the testing of potential vaccines in addition to providing a better understanding of virus-host interactions.
T124 17791-17848 Sentence denotes 7 Future directions to control the spread of the disease
T125 17849-17965 Sentence denotes Extensive measures to reduce person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 are required to control the current outbreak.
T126 17966-18137 Sentence denotes Special attention and efforts to protect or reduce transmission should be applied in susceptible populations including children, health care providers, and elderly people.
T127 18138-18297 Sentence denotes A guideline was published for the medical staff, healthcare providers, and, public health individuals and researchers who are interested in the 2019-nCoV [29].
T128 18298-18474 Sentence denotes The early death cases of COVID-19 outbreak occurred primarily in elderly people, possibly due to a weak immune system that permits faster progression of viral infection [8,12].
T129 18475-18588 Sentence denotes The public services and facilities should provide decontaminating reagents for cleaning hands on a routine basis.
T130 18589-18814 Sentence denotes Physical contact with wet and contaminated objects should be considered in dealing with the virus, especially agents such as faecal and urine samples that can potentially serve as an alternative route of transmission [15,16].
T131 18815-18985 Sentence denotes China and other countries including the US have implemented major prevention and control measures including travel screenings to control further spread of the virus [13].
T132 18986-19254 Sentence denotes Epidemiological changes in COVID-19 infection should be monitored taking into account potential routes of transmission and subclinical infections, in addition to the adaptation, evolution, and virus spread among humans and possible intermediate animals and reservoirs.
T133 19255-19330 Sentence denotes There remains a considerable number of questions that need to be addressed.
T134 19331-19511 Sentence denotes These include, but are not limited to, details about who and how many have been tested, what proportion of these turned positive and whether this rate remains constant or variable.
T135 19512-19639 Sentence denotes Very few paediatric cases have so far been reported; is this due to lack of testing or a true lack of infection/susceptibility?
T136 19640-19794 Sentence denotes Of the ones that have so far been tested, how many have developed severe disease and how many were tested positive but showed no clinical sign of disease?
T137 19795-19936 Sentence denotes There are some basic questions that would provide a framework for which more specific and detailed public health measures can be implemented.
T138 19938-19971 Sentence denotes Declaration of competing interest
T139 19972-20017 Sentence denotes The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
T140 20019-20035 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T141 20036-20152 Sentence denotes This work is partially supported by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Grant R01 AI129745 to SNB.
T142 20153-20203 Sentence denotes We thank Ms. Michellie Thurman for editorial help.