| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T291 |
0-53 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Potential Factors Affecting MERS-CoV Subunit Vaccines |
| T292 |
54-334 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Similar to SARS-CoV subunit vaccines, the immunogenicity and/or protection of MERS-CoV subunit vaccines may also be affected by a number of factors, such as antigen sequences, fragment lengths, adjuvants, vaccination pathways, antigen doses, immunization doses and intervals used. |
| T293 |
335-763 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As described above, MERS-CoV subunit vaccines containing different antigens or fragment lengths, particularly those based on the RBD, have apparently variable immunogenicity and/or protective efficacy, and a critical neutralizing domain that contains an RBD fragment corresponding to residues 377–588 of S protein elicits the highest neutralizing antibodies among several fragments tested (Ma et al., 2014b; Zhang et al., 2015). |
| T294 |
764-1011 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Adjuvants play an essential role in enhancing host immune responses to MERS-CoV subunit vaccines, including those based on the RBD, and different adjuvants can promote host immune responses to variant levels (Lan et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016). |
| T295 |
1012-1235 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For example, while a MERS-CoV RBD subunit vaccine (S377-588 protein fused with Fc) alone induced detectable neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses in immunized mice, inclusion of an adjuvant enhanced its immunogenicity. |
| T296 |
1236-1553 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Particularly, among the adjuvants (Freund’s, aluminum, Monophosphoryl lipid A, Montanide ISA51 and MF59) conjugated with this RBD protein, MF59 could best potentiate the protein to induce the highest-titer anti-S antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, protecting mice against MERS-CoV infection (Zhang et al., 2016). |
| T297 |
1554-1829 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Moreover, a recombinant RBD (rRBD) protein plus alum and CpG adjuvants elicited the highest neutralizing antibodies against pseudotyped MERS-CoV infection, whereas the strongest T-cell responses were induced by this protein plus Freund’s and CpG adjuvants (Lan et al., 2014). |
| T298 |
1830-2006 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Vaccination pathways are important in inducing efficient immune responses, and different immunization routes may elicit different immune responses to the same protein antigens. |
| T299 |
2007-2323 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For example, immunization of mice with a MERS-CoV subunit vaccine (RBD-Fc) via the intranasal route induced higher levels of cellular immune responses and stronger local mucosal neutralizing antibody responses against MERS-CoV infection than those induced by the same vaccine via the S.C. pathway (Ma et al., 2014a). |
| T300 |
2324-2651 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, while Freund’s and CpG-adjuvanted rRBD protein elicited higher-level systematic and local IFN-γ-producing T cells via the S.C. route, this protein adjuvanted with Alum and CpG induced higher-level tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 4 (IL-4)-secreting T cells via the I.M. route (Lan et al., 2014). |
| T301 |
2652-2775 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Antigen dosage, immunization doses, and intervals may significantly affect the immunogenicity of MERS-CoV subunit vaccines. |
| T302 |
2776-3050 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Notably, a MERS-CoV RBD (S377-588-Fc) subunit vaccine immunized at 1 μg elicited strong humoral and cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibodies in mice although the one immunized at 5 and 20 μg elicited a higher level of S1-specific antibodies (Tang et al., 2015). |
| T303 |
3051-3298 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, among the regimens at one dose and two doses at 1-, 2-, and 3-week intervals, 2 doses of this protein boosted at 4 weeks resulted in the highest antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV infection (Wang Y. et al., 2017). |
