LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7105881 / 2136-9902 JSONTXT 13 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T15 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T16 13-130 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the subfamily Othocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae of the order Nidovirales.
T17 131-444 Sentence denotes According to the 10th Report on Virus Taxonomy from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the Othocoronavirinae is comprised of four genera, including alphacoronavirus (alpha-CoV), betacoronavirus (beta-CoV), gammacoronavirus (gamma-CoV), and deltacoronavirus (delta-CoV) (King et al., 2018).
T18 445-690 Sentence denotes Alpha- and beta-CoVs can infect mammals, including but not limited to bats, pigs, cats, mice, and humans (Kusanagi et al., 1992; Li et al., 2005b; Poon et al., 2005; Drexler et al., 2014; Pedersen, 2014; Kudelova et al., 2015; Cui et al., 2019).
T19 691-824 Sentence denotes Gamma- and delta-CoVs usually infect birds, while some of them could infect mammals (Woo et al., 2009a, 2012, 2014; Ma et al., 2015).
T20 825-935 Sentence denotes Since the late sixties, CoVs have been recognized as one of the viral sources responsible for the common cold.
T21 936-1617 Sentence denotes Among all CoVs identified so far, seven have the ability to infect humans, including human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), which belong to alpha-CoVs (Hamre and Procknow, 1966; Chiu et al., 2005), as well as human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newly emerged coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which are known to be beta-CoVs (Drosten et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003; Vabret et al., 2003; Woo et al., 2005; Zaki et al., 2012; Du et al., 2016b; Zhang et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020) (Figure 1).
T22 1618-1743 Sentence denotes FIGURE 1 Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses (CoVs) based on the nucleotide sequences of RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).
T23 1744-1845 Sentence denotes The Tree, with 1,000 bootstrap values, was constructed by the maximum likelihood method using MEGA 6.
T24 1846-1949 Sentence denotes The four main phylogenetic clusters correspond to genera alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV, and delta-CoV.
T25 1950-1994 Sentence denotes Each CoV genus contains different subgenera.
T26 1995-2035 Sentence denotes The letters in blue indicate human CoVs.
T27 2036-2181 Sentence denotes Four human CoVs, including HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1, have been identified in humans, but without causing severe infections.
T28 2182-2284 Sentence denotes HCoV-229E was isolated from nasal secretions of medical students with minor upper respiratory disease.
T29 2285-2384 Sentence denotes This virus was an original isolate, and was first reported in the 1960s (Hamre and Procknow, 1966).
T30 2385-2610 Sentence denotes In addition to HCoV-229E, several studies have reported the recovery of HCoV-OC43 from patients with upper respiratory tract illness (Tyrrell and Bynoe, 1965; Hamre et al., 1967; McIntosh et al., 1967; Kapikian et al., 1969).
T31 2611-2838 Sentence denotes In 2004, HCoV-NL63 was isolated from clinical species of infants suffering from pneumonia or bronchiolitis, and characterized for its ability to infect human respiratory tract (Fouchier et al., 2004; van der Hoek et al., 2004).
T32 2839-2975 Sentence denotes The subsequent study in 2005 identified a new member of CoVs, named HCoV-HKU1, from a 71-year-old man with pneumonia (Woo et al., 2005).
T33 2976-3191 Sentence denotes Generally, these four viruses are the most common pathogens causing mild upper respiratory infection or asymptomatic infection, and count for about 30% of all colds (Myint, 1994; Lau et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2017).
T34 3192-3348 Sentence denotes In the serological surveillance on healthy adults, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43 demonstrated more than 90% seropositive with the immunological assay.
T35 3349-3466 Sentence denotes It appears common for these CoVs to infect children (Mourez et al., 2007; Shao et al., 2007; Severance et al., 2008).
T36 3467-3665 Sentence denotes In contrast to the above three human CoVs, HCoV-HKU1 has around 50% seropositive in healthy individuals and a relatively low exposure rate in children (Lehmann et al., 2008; Severance et al., 2008).
T37 3666-3806 Sentence denotes Although the prevalence of various CoVs is different, the incidence among these viruses shows no significant difference (Woo et al., 2009b).
T38 3807-4016 Sentence denotes The afore-mentioned four CoVs have been detected in 2.1–17.9% of clinical specimens (Esper et al., 2006; Lau et al., 2006; Gerna et al., 2007; Regamey et al., 2008; Matoba et al., 2015; Killerby et al., 2018).
T39 4017-4230 Sentence denotes These viruses have also been associated with lower respiratory tract illness in children, elders, and immunodeficient individuals (Falsey et al., 2002; Fouchier et al., 2004; Woo et al., 2005; Gerna et al., 2006).
T40 4231-4406 Sentence denotes HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 may lead to central nervous system infection since viral RNAs are detected in the brain of some patients (Arbour et al., 2000; Desforges et al., 2014).
T41 4407-4656 Sentence denotes Unlike the above four human CoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV have caused severe pneumonia and/or failure of other organs, even death, among infected populations (Nicholls et al., 2003; Zhong et al., 2003; Zaki et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2020).
T42 4657-4868 Sentence denotes The epidemic outbreak of SARS-CoV began in the Guangdong Province of China in November 2002, and spread through human-to-human transmission to other parts of the world within a few months (Ksiazek et al., 2003).
T43 4869-5033 Sentence denotes From November 2002 to August 2003, SARS-CoV infected more than 8,098 people in 29 counties, resulting in over 774 deaths with ∼10% fatality rate (Du et al., 2009a).
T44 5034-5143 Sentence denotes Palm civets serving as a potential intermediate host of this virus were traced immediately (Tu et al., 2004).
T45 5144-5246 Sentence denotes Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) are the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV (Li et al., 2005b).
T46 5247-5440 Sentence denotes Various bat SARS-related CoVs (SARSr-CoV) have been identified in Yunnan, China, several of which can infect human cells, and have been further characterized (Ge et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2017).
T47 5441-5520 Sentence denotes These discoveries indicate the threat of re-emergence of SARS-CoV or SARSr-CoV.
T48 5521-5701 Sentence denotes A decade later, another highly pathogenic human CoV, MERS-CoV, emerged, and the first patient with MERS-CoV infection was reported in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 (Zaki et al., 2012).
T49 5702-5874 Sentence denotes By December 26, 2019, a total of 2,494 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS, including 858 associated deaths in 27 countries (fatality rate 34.4%), were reported to the WHO1.
T50 5875-6073 Sentence denotes Globally, the majority (about 80%) of human cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia, where people get infected through direct contact with infected dromedary camels or persons2 (Zaki et al., 2012).
T51 6074-6275 Sentence denotes Isolation of MERS-CoV and detection of neutralizing antibodies from dromedary camels suggest that these camels are potentially an important intermediate host (Reusken et al., 2013; Azhar et al., 2014).
T52 6276-6359 Sentence denotes Similar to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV is also an emerging zoonotic virus (Li and Du, 2019).
T53 6360-6598 Sentence denotes Bats habituate several CoVs phylogenetically related to MERS-CoV, and some of them are identical to MERS-CoVs, suggesting that MERS-CoV may originate from bats (Annan et al., 2013; Lelli et al., 2013; Lau et al., 2018; Luo et al., 2018a).
T54 6599-6834 Sentence denotes Different from SARS-CoV, which has not caused infections in humans since 2004 (Du et al., 2009a), the transmission of MERS-CoV has not been interrupted, and the infected human cases continue increasing1 (Mobaraki and Ahmadzadeh, 2019).
T55 6835-6897 Sentence denotes Currently, human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV is limited.
T56 6898-6992 Sentence denotes A new CoV, 2019-nCoV, has caught worldwide attention (Liu and Saif, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).
T57 6993-7557 Sentence denotes It was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, from patients with pneumonia (Zhu et al., 2020), and has infected more than 70000 people globally, including 2,009 deaths (∼2.7% fatality rate), as of February 19, 2020, particularly in China, and the other parts of the world, including Australia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Philippines, Thailand, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, United States, Canada, France, Finland, Germany, Italy, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Belgium, Egypt, and United Arab Emirates3.
T58 7558-7766 Sentence denotes Different from MERS-CoV but similar to SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV can cause human-to-human transmission, and its intermediate host that leads to the current human infection and outbreak is still under investigation.