LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7103735 / 19662-28880 JSONTXT 13 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T161 0-17 Sentence denotes Lessons from HIVs
T162 18-151 Sentence denotes HIVs are the most studied viruses in history and the best model to understand the interplay between virus and host antiviral defence.
T163 152-286 Sentence denotes Tracing the origins of HIVs would provide a framework for us to understand cross-species transmission and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
T164 287-411 Sentence denotes The comparison of SARS-CoV-2 and HIVs would reveal a common theme and the requirements for their successful species jumping.
T165 412-528 Sentence denotes In particular, lessons learnt from HIVs are highly relevant and instructive to SARS-CoV-2 for the following reasons.
T166 529-584 Sentence denotes First, both HIVs and SARS-CoV-2 are of zoonotic origin.
T167 585-704 Sentence denotes Second, infection of their reservoir hosts with parental viruses of HIVs and SARS-CoV-2 results in no or mild symptoms.
T168 705-779 Sentence denotes However, when they infect humans, much more severe symptoms are developed.
T169 780-891 Sentence denotes Third, the similarities and differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2 resemble those between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.
T170 892-1019 Sentence denotes Finally, both HIVs and SARS-CoV-2 are plausibly derived from discrete cross-species transmission events from animals to humans.
T171 1020-1181 Sentence denotes Thus, we will briefly review our current understanding of the origins of HIVs and how host anti-HIV defence has shaped the emergence of the pandemic HIV strains.
T172 1182-1366 Sentence denotes There is persuasive evidence that HIVs are derived from multiple cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that naturally infect African non-human primates.
T173 1367-1519 Sentence denotes The pandemic HIV-1 strain of group M originated from a single transmission event from a chimpanzee that harbours SIVcpz near Cameroon in Central Africa.
T174 1520-1712 Sentence denotes Multiple other transmission events of SIVs from chimpanzees to humans were also detected, but their resulting HIV-1 viruses in groups N, O and P spread in humans only to a limited extent [44].
T175 1713-1791 Sentence denotes Group O was found in a few tens of thousands of people in West-Central Africa.
T176 1792-1861 Sentence denotes Groups N and P were identified in 13 and 2 individuals, respectively.
T177 1862-2048 Sentence denotes Likewise, appreciable spreading of HIV-2 within humans is seen only with groups A and B resulting from two cross-species transmissions of SIVsmm from sooty mangabeys in West Africa [44].
T178 2049-2110 Sentence denotes All other groups (C–H) were found only in single individuals.
T179 2111-2202 Sentence denotes Thus, both HIV-1 and HIV-2 originated from one or two primate-to-human transmission events.
T180 2203-2334 Sentence denotes The other transmission events were unproductive, representing incidents in which secondary and tertiary spreading was very limited.
T181 2335-2528 Sentence denotes SIVs are non-pathogenic in their natural hosts, but their transmission to a new host, such as humans for HIV-1 and HIV-2 as well as macaques for SIVmac, enable them to become highly pathogenic.
T182 2529-2587 Sentence denotes HIV-1 and HIV-2 share 40–60% nucleotide sequence homology.
T183 2588-2694 Sentence denotes The transmission rate of HIV-2 is lower because the viral load is generally lower in infected individuals.
T184 2695-2772 Sentence denotes The natural history of HIV-2 infection is quite different from that of HIV-1.
T185 2773-2950 Sentence denotes Although clinical symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2 are indistinguishable, most people infected with HIV-2 do not progress to AIDS.
T186 2951-3194 Sentence denotes One strong predictor of disease progression that distinguishes pathogenic HIV infection and non-pathogenic SIV infection is the activation of host antiviral defence including a prominent stimulation of T cells in the former but not the latter.
T187 3195-3297 Sentence denotes Another possibility is that the natural hosts of SIVs might be the survivors of ancient SIV pandemics.
T188 3298-3412 Sentence denotes One prediction is that HIVs and humans will eventually adapt to each other just like SIVs and their natural hosts.
T189 3413-3536 Sentence denotes In this regard, AIDS might be considered an accident in which HIVs fail to adapt to humans or humans fail to adapt to HIVs.
T190 3537-3682 Sentence denotes In support of this view, species-specific features in host restriction factors, such as TRIM5α and tetherin, can prevent SIV infection of humans.
T191 3683-3897 Sentence denotes On the other hand, adaptive mutations and accessory genes such as Vpu, Nef, and Vif in HIVs have been found to counteract host restriction factors, which constitute the antiviral defence, in a host-specific manner.
T192 3898-4072 Sentence denotes For example, a five-codon deletion in the cytoplasmic domain of human restriction factor tetherin results in the prevention of its interaction with SIVcpz Nef in humans [45].
T193 4073-4165 Sentence denotes On the side of the virus, some HIV-1 strains use their Vpu protein to degrade tetherin [45].
T194 4166-4328 Sentence denotes The origins of another pair of human retroviruses named human T lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are also very similar and relevant to HCoVs [46].
T195 4329-4387 Sentence denotes HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 share ∼70% nucleotide sequence homology.
T196 4388-4589 Sentence denotes Whereas HTLV-1 causes a highly lethal disease named adult T-cell leukaemia and another immune-mediated disorder of the spinal cord, the related virus HTLV-2 is largely non-pathogenic and non-oncogenic.
T197 4590-4739 Sentence denotes Both viruses have counterparts in non-human primates and so are HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 newly discovered in Cameroonian hunters of non-human primates [47].
T198 4740-4874 Sentence denotes At least four cross-species transmission events of HTLVs have been identified, each of which involves a different species of primates.
T199 4875-4992 Sentence denotes The spreading of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 is very limited in humans, but HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 have infected millions of people.
T200 4993-5096 Sentence denotes The infection of T lymphocytes with HTLV-2 provides a good example of asymptomatic infection in humans.
T201 5097-5178 Sentence denotes HIVs and SARS-CoVs bear many similarities in terms of cross-species transmission.
T202 5179-5290 Sentence denotes It is difficult to predict how the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 might develop in the coming weeks and months.
T203 5291-5462 Sentence denotes Unprecedented measures have now been taken to isolate the sources of SARS-CoV-2 infection, to block human-to-human transmission and to protect the susceptible individuals.
T204 5463-5600 Sentence denotes It remains to be seen whether and to what extent secondary and tertiary spreading will be weakened and prevented by the control measures.
T205 5601-5791 Sentence denotes Apparently, the intrafamily transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has not been stopped in the epicentre of Wuhan after 23 January 2020, when the city was locked down and human gathering was prohibited.
T206 5792-5922 Sentence denotes It also remains to be determined what percentage of the general population in Wuhan have been or are being infected by SARS-CoV-2.
T207 5923-5993 Sentence denotes These are important research questions that should be set as priority.
T208 5994-6174 Sentence denotes However, as seen in HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-3, and HTLV-4, not every animal-to-human transmission event gives rise to a virus that is highly and sustainably transmissible within humans.
T209 6175-6347 Sentence denotes The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 might be stopped due to the intrinsic characteristics of the virus, the action of human restriction factors, and human intervention measures.
T210 6348-6480 Sentence denotes Another possibility is that SARS-CoV-2 becomes highly transmissible within humans just like the other four community-acquired HCoVs.
T211 6481-6651 Sentence denotes Some estimates of the transmission rate expressed as reproductive number (R0) of SARS-CoV-2 fall within the range of 3–4, which is higher than that of SARS-CoV (Table 1).
T212 6652-6731 Sentence denotes If that can be sustained, SARS-CoV-2 will be well adapted to humans ultimately.
T213 6732-6827 Sentence denotes It will be fortunate if it also becomes less pathogenic, resembling 229E, OC43, HKU1, and NL63.
T214 6828-7056 Sentence denotes Plausibly, when they initially crossed species barriers to infect humans decades or centuries ago, 229E, OC43, HKU1, and NL63 might have also caused pandemics in which humans were suffering from more severe respiratory diseases.
T215 7057-7207 Sentence denotes As mentioned above, one such pandemic recorded at the end of nineteenth century has now been linked to the jumping of OC43 from cattle to humans [26].
T216 7208-7216 Sentence denotes Table 1.
T217 7217-7260 Sentence denotes Comparison between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.
T218 7261-7282 Sentence denotes   SARS-CoV SARS-CoV-2
T219 7283-7341 Sentence denotes Virus origin Horseshoe bats as evolutionary reservoir host
T220 7342-7380 Sentence denotes Civets as intermediate amplifying host
T221 7381-7407 Sentence denotes Unknown reservoir host(s)?
T222 7408-7463 Sentence denotes Rhinolophus affinis bats as evolutionary reservoir host
T223 7464-7504 Sentence denotes Unknown intermediate amplifying host(s)?
T224 7505-7531 Sentence denotes Unknown reservoir host(s)?
T225 7532-7569 Sentence denotes Entry receptor ACE2 as entry receptor
T226 7570-7637 Sentence denotes Both human ACE2 and civet ACE2 capable of supporting SARS-CoV entry
T227 7638-7809 Sentence denotes Mouse ACE2 less efficient in supporting entry of SARS-CoV when compared with human ACE2 ACE2 from humans, Rhinolophus sinicus bats, civets and swine as entry receptor [35]
T228 7810-7859 Sentence denotes Mouse ACE2 unable to serve as entry receptor [35]
T229 7860-7916 Sentence denotes Human-to-human transmission route Droplets in most cases
T230 7917-7956 Sentence denotes Close contact with contaminated fomites
T231 7957-7968 Sentence denotes Faecal–oral
T232 7969-8050 Sentence denotes Aerosols uncommon but possible under special circumstances Droplets in most cases
T233 8051-8090 Sentence denotes Close contact with contaminated fomites
T234 8091-8102 Sentence denotes Faecal–oral
T235 8103-8161 Sentence denotes Aerosols uncommon but possible under special circumstances
T236 8162-8203 Sentence denotes Higher attack rate within family clusters
T237 8204-8357 Sentence denotes Superspreading events Superspreading events detected in Hong Kong and Beijing [8] Superspreading events suspected as in the Diamond Princess cruise ship.
T238 8358-8408 Sentence denotes Clinical presentations Lower respiratory infection
T239 8409-8443 Sentence denotes ICU care required in ∼30% patients
T240 8444-8465 Sentence denotes ARDS in ∼20% patients
T241 8466-8533 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal and CNS infection Lower respiratory infection [36]
T242 8534-8569 Sentence denotes ICU care required in 5–10% patients
T243 8570-8594 Sentence denotes ARDS in 5% patients [36]
T244 8595-8621 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal infection
T245 8622-8646 Sentence denotes Asymptotic carriers [51]
T246 8647-8766 Sentence denotes Case fatality 9.6% worldwide 3.4% worldwide as of 24 February 2020 (4.0% in Hubei Province, China, and 0.84% elsewhere)
T247 8767-8801 Sentence denotes Transmissibility R0 = 2a R0 = 3–4b
T248 8802-8923 Sentence denotes Interferon antagonists nsp1, nsp3, nsp16, ORF3b, ORF6, M and N proteins nsp1, nsp3, nsp16, ORF3b, ORF6, M and N proteins?
T249 8924-9005 Sentence denotes Inflammasome activators ORF3a, ORF8b, and E proteins ORF3a, ORF8, and E proteins?
T250 9006-9084 Sentence denotes aR0 is <1 for tertiary and quaternary spreading as well as in the later phase.
T251 9085-9218 Sentence denotes bIt remains to be seen as to whether R0 will substantially reduce in tertiary and quaternary spreading as well as in the later phase.