LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7103735 / 10603-17083 JSONTXT 14 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T90 0-21 Sentence denotes Animal hosts of HCoVs
T91 22-309 Sentence denotes The animal origin of HCoVs is supported by similarities in genome organization and phylogenetic relatedness of animal CoVs and HCoVs as well as the geographical coincidence of these viruses and plausible routes of cross-species transmission such as petting, butchering and close contact.
T92 310-437 Sentence denotes Error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase creates diversity in the CoV genome, enabling them to jump across the species barrier.
T93 438-571 Sentence denotes However, HCoVs encode a proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) that plays a crucial role in RNA synthesis and replication fidelity [22].
T94 572-620 Sentence denotes This serves to reduce errors in RNA replication.
T95 621-730 Sentence denotes The inactivation of ExoN causes a mutator phenotype and the resultant virus is either attenuated or inviable.
T96 731-889 Sentence denotes In addition, other structural and non-structural genes might also contribute to the genomic diversity of CoVs by modulating polymerase and ExoN activity [23].
T97 890-1004 Sentence denotes In addition to mutations, recombination and deletion also play an important role in host switching and adaptation.
T98 1005-1169 Sentence denotes Among SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV, a mutation rate as high as 0.80–2.38 × 10−3 nucleotide substation per base per year has been documented for SARS-CoV [24].
T99 1170-1238 Sentence denotes This is comparable to those of primate lentiviruses, including HIVs.
T100 1239-1337 Sentence denotes Compared to SARS-CoV, the variabilities in SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV genomes are much less dramatic.
T101 1338-1421 Sentence denotes It will be of interest to clarify how this might relate to their host adaptability.
T102 1422-1573 Sentence denotes In this regard, adaptive mutations in the S protein of SARS-CoV have been found during the outbreak to result in better binding with the ACE2 receptor.
T103 1574-1690 Sentence denotes Cryo-EM analysis has provided structural evidence that S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds with ACE2 with higher affinity.
T104 1691-1792 Sentence denotes It will be of interest to see whether SARS-CoV-2 might be further adapted to ACE2 in the near future.
T105 1793-1976 Sentence denotes Since the receptor-binding domain also contains predominant neutralizing epitopes, variations in this domain are only relevant to the development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 [25].
T106 1977-2010 Sentence denotes All HCoVs have a zoonotic origin.
T107 2011-2172 Sentence denotes Whereas bats are the evolutionary reservoir host of 229E, NL63, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, parental viruses of OC43 and HKU1 have been found in rodents.
T108 2173-2261 Sentence denotes Intermediate and amplifying hosts of HCoVs were also found in domestic and wild mammals.
T109 2262-2341 Sentence denotes Ancestors of OC43 were identified in domestic animals such as cattle and swine.
T110 2342-2507 Sentence denotes The switch of hosts from cattle or pigs to humans might have occurred in the context of a pandemic of respiratory disease recorded around 1890 in human history [26].
T111 2508-2584 Sentence denotes Similar to MERS-CoV, 229E could be acquired by humans from dromedary camels.
T112 2585-2806 Sentence denotes However, the direction of this cross-species transmission remains to be determined and the possibility cannot be excluded that both humans and camels might have acquired 229E from an unidentified host including bats [27].
T113 2807-3168 Sentence denotes In an effort to identify the direct animal source of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-related CoVs (SARS-rCoV), which share 99.8% sequence homology at the nucleotide level with SARS-CoV, were isolated in 2003 from workers working in a live animal market where animal meats were sold and from animals in the same market [28], including Himalayan palm civets and a raccoon dog.
T114 3169-3297 Sentence denotes Palm civets were once thought to be the natural host of SARS-CoV as anti-SARS-CoV antibody was detected in civets in the market.
T115 3298-3383 Sentence denotes In experimental infection, civets were equally susceptible to SARS-CoV and SARS-rCoV.
T116 3384-3429 Sentence denotes Infected animals displayed clinical symptoms.
T117 3430-3600 Sentence denotes However, no anti-SARS-CoV antibodies were detected in any wild or farmed civets [29], raising the possibility that they are not a natural host of SARS-CoV and SARS-rCoVs.
T118 3601-3681 Sentence denotes In 2005, horseshoe bats were identified as a natural host of SARS-rCoVs [30,31].
T119 3682-3765 Sentence denotes These bat SARS-rCoVs serve as the gene pool and an evolutionary origin of SARS-CoV.
T120 3766-3882 Sentence denotes It is particularly noteworthy that a SARS-rCoV using the same ACE2 receptor as SARS-CoV was also found in bats [32].
T121 3883-3936 Sentence denotes Their genomes share 95% nucleotide sequence homology.
T122 3937-4061 Sentence denotes Presumably, palm civets and other mammals in the market were transiently infected, and they transmitted the virus to humans.
T123 4062-4208 Sentence denotes It remains to be clarified whether another stable and natural reservoir host of SARS-CoV, exactly like dromedary camels for MERS-CoV, might exist.
T124 4209-4293 Sentence denotes The genomic sequence of MERS-CoV was closely related to bat CoVs HKU4 and HKU5 [18].
T125 4294-4449 Sentence denotes Bat CoVs that are evolutionarily closer to MERS-CoV, sharing ∼75% nucleotide sequence homology and using the same DPP4 receptor, were also identified [32].
T126 4450-4632 Sentence denotes Although bats are the evolutionary reservoir host and bat CoVs serve as the gene pool of MERS-CoV, humans acquire MERS-CoV from diseased dromedary camels, but not directly from bats.
T127 4633-4689 Sentence denotes These camels are the natural reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
T128 4690-4765 Sentence denotes MERS-CoVs isolated from dromedaries are identical to those found in humans.
T129 4766-4925 Sentence denotes Experimental infection of dromedary camels with MERS-CoV results in mild disease, shedding large quantities of the virus from the upper respiratory tract [33].
T130 4926-5092 Sentence denotes In addition, other non-camelid domestic animals in close contact with infected camels, including sheep, goats, a cow, and donkeys, are also infected by MERS-CoV [34].
T131 5093-5223 Sentence denotes These domestic animals could also pose a risk to humans and should, therefore, be included in the MERS-CoV surveillance programme.
T132 5224-5341 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 was found to share 96.2% nucleotide homology with a bat CoV RaTG13 found in Rhinolophus affinis bats [35].
T133 5342-5421 Sentence denotes However, their receptor-binding domains in the S proteins differ significantly.
T134 5422-5586 Sentence denotes Some of the earliest patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and other live animal markets in Wuhan, Hubei, China [36].
T135 5587-5704 Sentence denotes SARS-CoV-2 was detected from the working environment of the market, supporting the existence of a live animal source.
T136 5705-5862 Sentence denotes Bamboo rats in the family of Rhizomyidae and civets are the prime suspects of an intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2, although no concrete evidence is available.
T137 5863-6083 Sentence denotes Metagenomic analysis of CoV sequences indicates that pangolins, which are a group of endangered small mammals, carry betacoronaviruses at a high rate [37], including some sharing ∼90% nucleotide homology with SARS-CoV-2.
T138 6084-6174 Sentence denotes The pangolin betacoronaviruses are phylogenetically related to both SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13.
T139 6175-6299 Sentence denotes Existing evidence suggests that neither RaTG13 nor pangolin betacoronaviruses might be the immediate ancestor of SARS-CoV-2.
T140 6300-6480 Sentence denotes Further investigations are required to determine whether pangolins and other animals might harbour parental viruses of SARS-CoV-2 and serve as its intermediate and amplifying host.