LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7102551 / 788-6361 JSONTXT 13 Projects

Annnotations TAB TSV DIC JSON TextAE

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T7 0-83 Sentence denotes There are numerous questions regarding the nature of the current COVID-19 epidemic.
T8 84-278 Sentence denotes One of the most perplexing happens to be the significant discrepancy of serious cases and deaths between areas within the Hubei Province, where the outbreak initiated, and the rest of the world.
T9 279-417 Sentence denotes An examination of patient cases within the Hubei region reveals some useful data regarding the pathogenesis of this virus [[1], [2], [3]].
T10 418-571 Sentence denotes Severe cases tend to occur in men and many suffer from one or more co-morbidities such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease as well as diabetes.
T11 572-754 Sentence denotes Several sequelae also have been observed including cellular immune deficiency, coagulation activation, myocardia injury, hepatic and kidney injury, and secondary bacterial infection.
T12 755-866 Sentence denotes In the majority of cases of severe disease and death, lymphopenia and sustained inflammation has been recorded.
T13 867-1025 Sentence denotes Notably, these observations in COVID-19 patients are similar to those who suffered from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during the 2003 epidemic [4].
T14 1026-1263 Sentence denotes Based on this information and the similarity of symptoms to SARS, COVID-19 appears to constitute a major threat to human health justifying the World Health Organization’s declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
T15 1264-1357 Sentence denotes Yet, examining the situation outside of Hubei Province provides a very different perspective.
T16 1358-1456 Sentence denotes Most infected individuals have a mild disease and do not progress into severe stages of infection.
T17 1457-1544 Sentence denotes Moreover, patients appear to be able to recover with little to no medical intervention.
T18 1545-1635 Sentence denotes Based on this evidence, the virus would not be considered a major threat to public health.
T19 1636-1710 Sentence denotes Instead, it appears to be no more concerning than the influenza virus [5].
T20 1711-1786 Sentence denotes This geographic discrepancy in pathogenesis may appear to defy explanation.
T21 1787-1863 Sentence denotes Yet there may be a biological mechanism behind this epidemiological anomaly.
T22 1864-2073 Sentence denotes Individuals suffering the most may have been primed by one or more prior coronavirus exposures, and due to antigenic epitope heterogeneity, are experiencing the effects of antibody dependent enhancement (ADE).
T23 2074-2174 Sentence denotes This postulate isn’t novel as it has been found and characterized in the SARS coronavirus, SARS-CoV.
T24 2175-2314 Sentence denotes Enhancement was identified by Yang et al. [6] in 2005 and was hypothesized as being the reason for such a high mortality rate in China [7].
T25 2315-2434 Sentence denotes At the time, the priming strains were thought to be human coronaviruses known to cause mild infection such as 229E [7].
T26 2435-2593 Sentence denotes The mechanism was characterized by Yip et al. [8,9] and revealed that anti-Spike protein antibodies were indeed responsible for the infection of immune cells.
T27 2594-2759 Sentence denotes Wang et al. [10] revealed that enhancement may be improved by increasing dilutions of antibodies, suggesting a temporal relationship between priming and enhancement.
T28 2760-2959 Sentence denotes While the molecular and immunological host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has not yet been fully elucidated to confirm ADE is occuring, the current clinical evidence suggests this is a possibility.
T29 2960-3125 Sentence denotes Based on previous studies using SARS-CoV using in vitro studies [11] and mouse models [12], ADE hinders the ability to manage inflammation in the lung and elsewhere.
T30 3126-3320 Sentence denotes This may lead to acute respiratory injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and other observed inflammation-based sequelae as seen in many of the documented cases of severe COVID-19 disease.
T31 3321-3418 Sentence denotes In addition, ADE offers a viable explanation for the geographic discrepancy in severity of cases.
T32 3419-3604 Sentence denotes In the context of identifying the priming coronavirus, it is worthwhile looking at SARS-CoV as its introduction to humans has been suggested to have occurred in the Hubei Province [13].
T33 3605-3772 Sentence denotes The genetic sequence possesses numerous dissimilarities to the virus responsible for COVID-19, tentatively named SARS-CoV-2 [14], with approximately 79% homology [15].
T34 3773-3886 Sentence denotes For example, Hua et al. [16] identified two specific epitopes on the SARS-CoV spike protein, 447–458 and 789–799.
T35 3887-3990 Sentence denotes A BLAST comparison with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 reveals 72.7% and 100% similarity respectively.
T36 3991-4139 Sentence denotes Several other identified epitopes on the SARS-CoV spike protein [13] do not share perfect alignment with SARS-CoV-2 and may also be involved in ADE.
T37 4140-4260 Sentence denotes Although prior SARS-CoV exposure or infection may play a role in ADE, it likely is not be the predominant priming virus.
T38 4261-4430 Sentence denotes Seroprevalence studies have shown a very low level of SARS-CoV seroconversion in the population apart from workers with direct contact with animals such as traders [17].
T39 4431-4572 Sentence denotes Moreover, several bat coronavirus strains [6] have been identified as being closely related to SARS-CoV-2 with higher homology than SARS-CoV.
T40 4573-4737 Sentence denotes There may have been past introductions and circulations of mild strains of similar coronaviruses that were asymptomatic or mistaken for a regular common cold virus.
T41 4738-4939 Sentence denotes A few potential candidates have been isolated in Hubei province [18] and may serve as the basis for retrospective serological testing to confirm prior infection and resultant risk for ADE has occurred.
T42 4940-5057 Sentence denotes We are just beginning to understand the dynamics of COVID-19 in humans and the impact of the virus on the individual.
T43 5058-5290 Sentence denotes Further studies need to focus on how the virus interacts with the host leading to the wide variance in observed symptoms and the apparent geographically based discrepancy of severity between Hubei Province and the rest of the world.
T44 5291-5523 Sentence denotes Should ADE be proven to be a mechanism of pathogenesis, both treatment regimens and vaccine development will need to take this phenomenon into consideration to ensure it is mitigated and in the case of a vaccine, avoided altogether.
T45 5525-5558 Sentence denotes Declaration of Competing Interest
T46 5559-5573 Sentence denotes None declared.