LitCovid-sentences  

PMC:7100515 / 1334-6308 JSONTXT 13 Projects

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Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T11 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T12 13-158 Sentence denotes Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect human and animals and cause varieties of diseases, including respiratory, enteric, renal, and neurological diseases1.
T13 159-244 Sentence denotes They are classified into four genera, alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV, and delta-CoV2.
T14 245-340 Sentence denotes Since beginning of this century, there have already been three zoonotic outbreaks of beta-CoVs.
T15 341-533 Sentence denotes In 2002–2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)3,4, a lineage B beta-CoV, emerged from bat and palm civet5,6, and infected over 8000 people and caused about 800 deaths7.
T16 534-876 Sentence denotes In 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a lineage C beta-CoV, was discovered as the causative agent of a severe respiratory syndrome in Saudi Arabia8, currently with 2494 confirmed cases and 858 deaths9, it remains endemic in Middle East, and dromedary camel is considered as the zoonotic reservoir host of MERS-CoV.
T17 877-1001 Sentence denotes At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, was found in patients with severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China10–12.
T18 1002-1052 Sentence denotes Viruses were isolated from patients and sequenced.
T19 1053-1220 Sentence denotes Phylogenetical analysis revealed that it is a lineage B beta-CoV and closely related to a SARS-like (SL) CoV, RaTG13, discovered in a cave of Yunnan, China, in 201313.
T20 1221-1338 Sentence denotes They share about 96% nucleotide sequence identities, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 might have emerged from a Bat SL-CoV.
T21 1339-1436 Sentence denotes However, the intermediate host or whether there is an intermediate host remains to be determined.
T22 1437-1583 Sentence denotes CoV uses its spike glycoprotein (S), a main target for neutralization antibody, to bind its receptor, and mediate membrane fusion and virus entry.
T23 1584-1730 Sentence denotes Each monomer of trimeric S protein is about 180 kDa, and contains two subunits, S1 and S2, mediating attachment and membrane fusion, respectively.
T24 1731-1883 Sentence denotes In the structure, N- and C- terminal portions of S1 fold as two independent domains, N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (C-domain) (Fig. 1a).
T25 1884-1978 Sentence denotes Depending on the virus, either NTD or C-domain can serve as the receptor-binding domain (RBD).
T26 1979-2139 Sentence denotes While RBD of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is located at the NTD14, most of other CoVs, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV use C-domain to bind their receptors15–19.
T27 2140-2398 Sentence denotes MHV uses mouse carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule 1a (mCEACAM1a) as the receptor20, and the receptors for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)21 and human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4)22, respectively.
T28 2399-2658 Sentence denotes While S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 share about 76% and 97% of amino acid identities with SARS-CoV and RaTG13, respectively, the amino acid sequence of potential RBD of SARS-CoV-2 is only about 74% and 90.1% homologous to that of SARS-CoV and RaTG13, respectively.
T29 2659-2735 Sentence denotes Recently, Zhou et al.13 reported that SARS-CoV-2 uses hACE2 as the receptor.
T30 2736-2800 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Incorporation of SARS-CoV-2 S protein into pseudovirions.
T31 2801-2865 Sentence denotes a Diagram of full-length SARS-CoV-2 S protein with a 3xFLAG tag.
T32 2866-3116 Sentence denotes S1, receptor-binding subunit; S2, membrane fusion subunit; TM, transmembrane domain; NTD, N-terminal domain; pFP, potential fusion peptide; HR-N, heptad repeat-N; HR-C, heptad repeat-C; b–f Detection of CoVs S protein in cells lysate by western blot.
T33 3117-3727 Sentence denotes Mock, 293T cells transfected with empty vector. b Mouse monoclonal anti-FLAG M2 antibody; c Polyclonal goat anti-MHV-A59 S protein antibody AO4. d Polyclonal rabbit anti-SARS S1 antibodies T62. e Mouse monoclonal anti-SARS S1 antibody. f Mouse monoclonal anti-MERS-CoV S2 antibody. g–j Detection of CoVs S protein in pseudovirions by western blot.Gag-p24 served as a loading control. g Anti-FLAG M2. h Polyclonal goat anti-MHV-A59 S protein antibody AO4. i Polyclonal rabbit anti-SARS S1 antibodies T62. j Polyclonal anti-Gag-p24 antibodies. uncleaved S protein, about 180 kDa; cleaved S protein, about 90 kDa.
T34 3728-3773 Sentence denotes Experiments were done twice and one is shown.
T35 3774-3821 Sentence denotes Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
T36 3822-3968 Sentence denotes CoV S proteins are typical class I viral fusion proteins, and protease cleavage is required for activation of the fusion potential of S protein23.
T37 3969-4164 Sentence denotes A two-step sequential protease cleavage model has been proposed for activation of S proteins of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV24,25, priming cleavage between S1 and S2 and activating cleavage on S2’ site.
T38 4165-4422 Sentence denotes Depending on virus strains and cell types, CoV S proteins may be cleaved by one or several host proteases, including furin, trypsin, cathepsins, transmembrane protease serine protease-2 (TMPRSS-2), TMPRSS-4, or human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT)25–32.
T39 4423-4554 Sentence denotes Availability of these proteases on target cells largely determines whether CoVs enter cells through plasma membrane or endocytosis.
T40 4555-4651 Sentence denotes However, whether any of these proteases could promote virus entry of SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive.
T41 4652-4871 Sentence denotes In this study, using a lentiviral pseudotype system, we determine cell type susceptibility, virus receptor, entry pathway, and protease priming for SARS-CoV-2, and identify several potential drug targets for SARS-CoV-2.
T42 4872-4974 Sentence denotes We demonstrate limited cross-neutralization between convalescent sera from SARS and COVID-19 patients.